This valuable study explores the Russian Enlightenment with reference to the religious Enlightenment of the mid to late eighteenth century. Grounded in close reading of the sermons and devotional ...writings of Platon (Levshin), Court preacher and Metropolitan of Moscow, the book examines the blending of European ideas into the teachings of Russian Orthodoxy. Highlighting the interplay between Enlightenment thought and Orthodox enlightenment, Elise Wirtschafter addresses key questions of concern to religious Enlighteners across Europe: humanity's relationship to God and creation, the distinction between learning and enlightenment, the role of Christian love in authority relationships, the meaning of free will in a universe governed by Divine Providence, and the unity of church, monarchy, and civil society. Countering scholarship that depicts an Orthodox religious culture under assault from European modernity and Petrine absolutism, Wirtschafter emphasizes the ability of Russia's educated churchmen to assimilate and transform Enlightenment ideas. The intellectual and spiritual vitality of eighteenth-century Orthodoxy helps to explain how Russian policymakers and intellectuals met the challenge of European power while simultaneously coming to terms with the broad cultural appeal of the Enlightenment's universalistic human rights agenda. Religion and Enlightenment in Catherinian Russia defines the Russian Enlightenment as a response to the allure of European modernity, as an instrument of social control, and as the moral voice of an emergent independent society. Because Russia's enlightened intellectuals focused on the moral perfectibility of the individual human being, rather than social and political change, the originality of the Russian Enlightenment has gone unrecognized. This study corrects images of a superficial Enlightenment and crisis-ridden religious culture, arguing that in order to understand the humanistic sensibility and emphasis on individual dignity that permeate Russian intellectual history, and the history of the educated classes more broadly, it is necessary to bring Orthodox teachings into the discussion of Enlightenment thought. The result is a book that explains the distinctive origins of modern Russian culture while also allowing scholars to situate the Russian Enlightenment in European and global history.
Authors of a paper that includes a new crystal-structure determination are expected to not only report the structural results of inter-est and their inter-pretation, but are also expected to archive ...in computer-readable CIF format the experimental data on which the crystal-structure analysis is based. Additionally, an IUCr/
validation report will be required for the review of a submitted paper. Such a validation report, automatically created from the deposited CIF file, lists as ALERTS not only potential errors or unusual findings, but also suggestions for improvement along with inter-esting information on the structure at hand. Major ALERTS for issues are expected to have been acted on already before the submission for publication or discussed in the associated paper and/or commented on in the CIF file. In addition, referees, readers and users of the data should be able to make their own judgment and inter-pretation of the underlying experimental data or perform their own calculations with the archived data. All the above is consistent with the FAIR (findable, accessible, inter-operable, and reusable) initiative Helliwell (2019 ▸).
, 05430. Validation can also be helpful for less experienced authors in pointing to and avoiding of crystal-structure determination and inter-pretation pitfalls. The IUCr web-based
server provides such a validation report, based on data uploaded in CIF format. Alternatively, a locally installable
version is available to be used iteratively during the structure-determination process. ALERTS come mostly as short single-line messages. There is also a short explanation of the ALERTS available through the IUCr web server or with the locally installed
/
version. This paper provides additional background information on the
procedure and additional details for a number of ALERTS along with options for how to act on them.
The completion of a crystal structure determination is often hampered by the presence of embedded solvent molecules or ions that are seriously disordered. Their contribution to the calculated ...structure factors in the least‐squares refinement of a crystal structure has to be included in some way. Traditionally, an atomistic solvent disorder model is attempted. Such an approach is generally to be preferred, but it does not always lead to a satisfactory result and may even be impossible in cases where channels in the structure are filled with continuous electron density. This paper documents the SQUEEZE method as an alternative means of addressing the solvent disorder issue. It conveniently interfaces with the 2014 version of the least‐squares refinement program SHELXL Sheldrick (2015). Acta Cryst. C71. In the press and other refinement programs that accept externally provided fixed contributions to the calculated structure factors. The PLATON SQUEEZE tool calculates the solvent contribution to the structure factors by back‐Fourier transformation of the electron density found in the solvent‐accessible region of a phase‐optimized difference electron‐density map. The actual least‐squares structure refinement is delegated to, for example, SHELXL. The current versions of PLATON SQUEEZE and SHELXL now address several of the unnecessary complications with the earlier implementation of the SQUEEZE procedure that were a necessity because least‐squares refinement with the now superseded SHELXL97 program did not allow for the input of fixed externally provided contributions to the structure‐factor calculation. It is no longer necessary to subtract the solvent contribution temporarily from the observed intensities to be able to use SHELXL for the least‐squares refinement, since that program now accepts the solvent contribution from an external file (.fab file) if the ABIN instruction is used. In addition, many twinned structures containing disordered solvents are now also treatable by SQUEEZE. The details of a SQUEEZE calculation are now automatically included in the CIF archive file, along with the unmerged reflection data. The current implementation of the SQUEEZE procedure is described, and discussed and illustrated with three examples. Two of them are based on the reflection data of published structures and one on synthetic reflection data generated for a published structure.
Étymologiquement, le législateur (νομοθέτης) édicte des lois (νομοθετεῖ). Pourtant, dans les Lois, Platon s’inscrit en faux contre cette pseudo-évidence : la loi n’est pas le seul discours du ...législateur, qui doit, « de toute nécessité », dire certaines choses auxquelles « il ne convient pas d’être énoncées sous la forme d’une loi » (718b4-c2). On apprend peu après qu’elles doivent être dites sous forme de préludes (722e-723b). Le législateur est donc au moins autant un « diseur de préludes...
Automated structure validation was introduced in chemical crystallography about 12 years ago as a tool to assist practitioners with the exponential growth in crystal structure analyses. Validation ...has since evolved into an easy‐to‐use checkCIF/PLATON web‐based IUCr service. The result of a crystal structure determination has to be supplied as a CIF‐formatted computer‐readable file. The checking software tests the data in the CIF for completeness, quality and consistency. In addition, the reported structure is checked for incomplete analysis, errors in the analysis and relevant issues to be verified. A validation report is generated in the form of a list of ALERTS on the issues to be corrected, checked or commented on. Structure validation has largely eliminated obvious problems with structure reports published in IUCr journals, such as refinement in a space group of too low symmetry. This paper reports on the current status of structure validation and possible future extensions.
Pourquoi la mise en scène complexe du Timée avec ses contextes spatiotemporels emboîtés et ses narrations enchâssées ? Quelle est la fonction du discours cosmogonique et anthropogonique de Timée, ...intercalé entre le résumé du récit de l’Atlantide dans le prologue du Timée et la narration même de ce récit dans le Critias ? Quel est le rapport entre les discours des deux protagonistes et celui de Socrate sur la cité idéale dans la République ? Voilà les principales questions auxquelles tente de répondre cette étude intégrale du Timée-Critias, qui combine analyse littéraire et approche philosophique.
Elle cherche à mettre en évidence la fonction pragmatique et la cohérence narrative des récits de Timée et de Critias sur la genèse du cosmos, des hommes et des cités, tout en montrant comment leurs discours résultent de conceptions différentes de la nature humaine et du monde et des positions philosophiques divergentes sur l’être, le devenir et la connaissance. Elle propose enfin de lire le Timée-Critias à la fois comme une continuation et comme une réécriture de la République : non seulement les trois dialogues ont la même thématique (la cité idéale et la question de sa réalisation), mais ils présentent aussi des parallèles dans leur structure et leur situation dramatique.
Sammendrag Denne artikkelen undersøker og tilbakeviser to sentrale antakelser innen feministiske platonfortolkninger. For det første, at Platon i Symposium approprierer den spesifikt kvinnelige ...reproduksjonsaktiviteten og for det andre at han utsletter det kvinnelige, grunnet misogyne holdninger. Ved å nærlese Diotimas tale og særskilt legge merke til detaljer og terminologi, bidrar denne artikkelen med et argument mot disse antakelsene – at Platon approprierer og utsletter kvinner. Etter i tilstrekkelig grad å ha tilbakevist disse konklusjonene, eller i det minste å ha sådd alvorlig tvil om dem, går artikkelen over til en konstruktiv forklaringsbygging for hvorfor Platon benytter seg av Diotimas kvinnelige stemme og hvorfor han anvender fødselsmetaforer slik han gjør: I fortolkningen som foreslåes her, er målet for den filosofiske oppstigningen en gjenfødsel hvor filosofen blir sitt eget opphav. En slik gjenfødsel beror på sammensmeltningen av maskuline og feminine elementer, slik det sømmer seg en fødsel. Denne fortolkningen har også den fordelen at Platons Symposium blir konsistent med det politiske programmet i Staten.
The Panathenaicus is interspersed with numerous references to the Antidosis and the two works seem to converge around the figure of Isocrates and his paideia. In this paper, we shall study some of ...these convergences. The comparison between the texts will also allow us to highlight the originality of the Panathenaicus as an Isocratic ‘testament’, where the dramatization of the issues is due to the particular concern for the transmission and interpretation of the work after the death of its author.
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