The use of extraterritorial jurisdiction of competition law, based on the effect doctrine, has long been debated. This paper discusses the application of extraterritorial jurisdiction to Indonesian ...competition law. Competition law in Indonesia applies to any collusive or abusive behaviour that has a necessary effect on the business and economy spheres, regardless of the nationality or geographic location of the company or where the occurred conduct. This study employs a normative juridical method to analyse legal norms and principles. The approaches used include a statutory approach, a comparative law approach, and a case approach. This study reveals that the regulations concerning the prohibition of monopolistic practices and unfair business competition have not explicitly regulated extraterritorial norms in Indonesia. However, the Business Competition Supervisory Commission makes legal breakthroughs by applying the extraterritorial principle to resolve the involvement of foreign business actors and impose penalties on them. This article argues that Indonesia significantly needs to amend its competition law and increase cooperation with other countries to enforce the competition law.
Background:
A fully dimensional model of psychosis implies that psychotic-like experiences (PLEs) connect the entire psychosis spectrum. Three types of self-reported PLEs—persecutory ideation, ...bizarre experiences, and perceptual abnormalities—are commonly found in the general population. This study assessed the construct, predictive, and incremental validity of self-reported PLEs in youth at clinical high risk for psychotic disorders (CHR).
Methods:
Self-report data on PLEs (community assessment of psychic experiences; CAPE) were collected from 105 CHR youth (
m
age
= 19.3). Interview measures of attenuated psychotic symptoms and self-report measures of psychosis proneness, depression, and anxiety were collected at baseline and 12-month follow-up (
n
= 70 at follow-up). Factor, cross-sectional, and longitudinal analyses examined relationships between study variables.
Results:
Self-reported PLEs were best represented by the same three factors found in the general population: persecutory ideation, bizarre experiences, and perceptual abnormalities. Cross-sectionally, PLEs—particularly persecutory ideation—correlated with interview-rated attenuated psychotic symptoms and self-reported psychosis proneness, depression, and anxiety. Longitudinally, baseline PLEs trended toward predicting 12-month change in positive attenuated psychotic symptoms (
r
= .29,
p
FDR
= .058). Incrementally, baseline PLEs predicted 12-month change in positive and disorganized symptoms, when accounting for the effect of baseline positive symptoms and demographics.
Conclusions:
Three types of PLEs were valid in this CHR sample. Self-reported PLEs may be used not only to screen individuals for inclusion in the CHR classification, but also to characterize individuals within this population. Self-reported PLEs may help to forecast which CHR individuals will progress toward psychotic illness.
The efficiency and precision of numerical simulation are very important to study the airflow around buildings. A new simulating approach for predicting airflow around a building efficiently is ...proposed. The modeled turbulence kinetic energy is converted into resolved energy using the vortex method at the interface away from the inlet. This treatment helps to converge. A novel hybrid turbulence model, namely production-limited eddy simulation (PLES), works in the whole computational region. Then, the PLES model needs not treat the LES-RANS (large eddy-simulation-Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes) interface, making the computation running more easily. For testing the accuracy and efficiency of the PLES model, the WALE (wall-adapting local eddy-viscosity) model, an LES model, is applied to simulate the airflow around an isolated building on the same grid. And the effects of the underlying RANS models on the performance of the PLES models are investigated. The underlying RANS models are the BSL (baseline) k-ω and the SST (shear stress transport) k-ω models. The BSL PLES model obtains good predictions of the time-averaged streamwise velocity, but over-predicts the resolved turbulence kinetic energy (TKE) in comparison with the WALE model. The performance of the SST PLES model in predicting the time-averaged streamwise velocity is comparable to the WALE and the BSL PLES models. Furthermore, the SST PLES model gives better resolved TKE comparing with two other models. Meanwhile, the computing time needed in the new approach is 35% less than that needed in the LES computation.
•A efficient computing approach for predicting the airflows around a building is proposed.•The PLES model does not need to treat the LES-RANS interface, making the computation running more easily.•The SST PLES model gives better resolved turbulence kinetic energy comparing with two other models.•The computing time needed in the new approach is about 35% less than that needed in the LES computation.
AIM:To investigate twenty-year experience evaluated the use of the PolysorbR(an absorbable lactomer)staples for distal pancreatic resection.METHODS:The data on 150 patients92 men,58women,mean age ...52(24-72)yearswho underwent distal pancreatectomy(DP)in the last 20 years were collected prospectively from an electronic database.The diagnosis was confirmed by endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography,sonography,computed tomography and/or magnetic resonance imaging.The indications for DP were focal pancreatic necrosis,spontaneous pancreatic fistulas,abscesses,pseudocysts,segmental chronic obstructive pancreatitis in the tail,traumatic disruption,and benign(cystadenomas,insulinomas,or glucagonomas)or malignant tumours.The distal resections were performed without splenectomy in 29 of the 150 patients(19%).In the event of splenectomy,the splenic artery and vein were individually ligated,the TA-55 Auto Suture stapler,loaded with Premium PolysorbR 55 staples(5.5mm),was placed across the gland,and the trigger was pulled,the action of which produced two staggered absorbable suture lines.The gland distal to the stapler wasthen amputated with a scalpel on the TA-55 stapler and the two rows of staples were left in the proximal pancreatic stump.After the distal resection,a drainage tube was inserted into the pancreatic bed.RESULTS:The average duration of the operation was150 min(range:90-210 min)and no transfusion was indicated during the operation.After DP in one patient a type B fistula was diagnosed,which was treated successfully by conservative treatment comprising of 12-d octreotide medication(3×0.1 mg/d)and jejunal feeding.The incidence of postoperative pancreatic fistula was therefore0.6%.Another 2 patients suffered postoperative pancreatitis,which was also conservatively treated.Reoperations were performed in 2 patients on the first or second postoperative day,necessitated by bleeding from the retroperitoneal region.The morbidity was 3.3%(5 patients),but no mortality occurred in the postoperative period.Overall,the postoperative period was uneventful without any complications(pancreatic fistula,abscess,bleeding or wound infection)in 145 patients.The length of the postoperative stay ranged between 8 and 16 d.For the 145 patients who had no any postoperative complications,the hospital stay was 8 or 9 d.No mortality occurred in the follow-up period(6 or 12 mo postoperatively);but 6 mo after surgery one patient suffered a pseudocyst following recurrent pancreatitis and was treated with cystojejunostomy.CONCLUSION:Our clinical results demonstrated that the application of absorbable lactomer staples for distal pancreatic resection is a safe alternative to the standard closure technique.
Production-living-ecological space (PLES) reflects the main function of land use types. It is one of the main directions that many scholars researched to evaluate, predict, and optimize the land ...space from the perspective of PLES. Yunnan Province is affected by such factors as economy, topography, and natural environment. The conflict of PLES is serious, and the problems of spatial planning development are prominent. This study aims at the current status of PLES, based on the establishment of restrictive constraints such as ecological red line, arable land minimum, and natural reserves. Meanwhile, these constraints were combined with the development planning of the Yunnan Province to forecast the quantitative structure change in the PLES in Yunnan Province in 2035 and 2050, coupling Markov and PLUS models to optimize the future space layout. This study can provide a scientific basis for the optimization of land space in Yunnan Province and other areas. The prediction accuracy of the Markov–PLUS model is 98.55%, which can be effectively used to simulate and predict the distribution of PLES in Yunnan in 2035 and 2050. From 2010 to 2015, the disordered layout of PLES in the Yunnan Province was obvious, and the ecological space (ES) seriously occupied the production space (PS) and living space (LS). In 2035 and 2050, the industrial production space (IPS) of Yunnan Province expands and presents distinct regional aggregation. LS and the water ecological space (WES) areas have increased. The layout of PLES in 2035 and 2050 of Yunnan Province mainly centers on PS. The orderly development of IPS promotes the regional economic growth, ensures that the agricultural production space (APS) will not be damaged and allocates the ES reasonably. It will also promote the overall optimization and coordinated development of PLES in Yunnan Province.
Working memory (WM) impairment is a common feature in individuals with schizophrenia and high-risk for psychosis and a promising target for early intervention strategies. However, it is unclear to ...what extent WM impairment parallels specific behavioral symptoms along the psychosis continuum. To address this issue, the current study investigated the relation of WM capacity with psychotic-like experiences (PLEs) in a large Swedish population sample (N = 1012) of adolescents and young adults (M = 24.4 years, range 12-35). WM was assessed with two online computer tasks: a task where participants had to identify and remember the location of an odd shape and a task of remembering and following instructions. PLE scores were derived from a translated symptom questionnaire (Community Assessment of Psychic Experiences), which includes positive, negative, and depressive symptom scales. Positive and negative symptom scales were further subdivided into symptom clusters based on factor analyses. The results showed that low WM capacity was modestly associated with increased reports of bizarre experiences (BE) and depressive symptoms, after controlling for age, gender, and global symptom scores. Interestingly, when analyses were repeated for separate age groups, low WM was exclusively associated with a higher frequency of BE for young adults (20-27 years) and with depressive symptoms for older adults (28-35 years). These findings suggest that specific PLEs can be indicative of reduced WM capacity in early adulthood, which in turn may reflect an increased risk for psychosis and a greater need for targeted intervention. In contrast, during adolescence individual differences in cognitive development may influence the strength of the relationships and thereby mask potential vulnerabilities for psychopathology.
Territorial space exhibits multiple functional attributes, which comprise production, living, and ecological functions usually. Optimizing the production-living-ecological space (PLES) has become the ...key to territorial and spatial planning; the scientific identification of the PLES lays a foundation for space optimization and has important guiding significance in territorial spatial zoning. To achieve the integration of macro-scale and micro-scale PLES, with the Urban Agglomeration in Central Yunnan as the research area in this study, the PLES functional identification systems from the administrative unit scale and the grid scale are constructed. The types of PLES are determined by integrating qualitative and quantitative evaluation results and using an improved primacy index model from a composite spatial perspective. On that basis, the division of comprehensive zoning is achieved for land use functions through kernel density analysis. As indicated by the results, the model is capable of reflecting the macro background of the PLES functions in administrative regions while characterizing the micro differences at the grid level in administrative units. There are significant differences in the production, living, and ecological functional spaces in the Urban Agglomeration. Production functions are concentrated in the central and northeastern, living functions are concentrated in the central, and ecological functions are concentrated in the western and northeastern, with significantly consistent or complementary spatial distributions of each other. The PLES of Urban Agglomeration includes production space (PS), ecological space (ES), production-living space (P-LS), production-ecological space (P-ES), living-ecological space (L-ES), and production-living-ecological space (P-L-ES), placing a focus on ES, P-ES, and P-L-ES, which marks significant differences in spatial distribution among different spatial types. The study area is divided into 24 functional zones, which are classified into 6 categories, and optimization paths are proposed. This study will provide a reference for territorial and spatial planning in spatial functional zoning, spatial pattern optimization, and land management applications.
This study analyzed the spatial-temporal change pattern and underlying factors in production-living-ecological space (PLES) of Nanchong City, China, over the past 20 years using historical land use ...data (2000, 2010, 2020). A land use transfer matrix was calculated from the historical land use maps, and spatial analysis was conducted to analyze changes in the land use dynamics degree, standard deviation ellipse, and center of gravity. The results showed that there was a rapid spatial evolution of the PLES in Nanchong from 2000 to 2010, followed by a stabilization in the second decade. The transfer of ecological-production space occurred mainly in the Jialing and Yilong River basins, while the reduction of production space and the increase of living space were most prominent in the intersection of three districts (Shunqing, Jialing, and Gaoping districts). The return of production-ecological space was observed in the south and northeast of Yingshan, and there was little notable transfer of other types. The distribution of production space in Nanchong evolved in a north-south to east-west trend, with the center of gravity moving from Yilong to Peng’an County. The living space and production space expanded in a north-south direction, and the center of gravity position was in Nanbu, indicating a more balanced growth or decrease in the last 20 years. The changes in the spatial-temporal pattern of PLES in Nanchong were attributed to the intertwined factors of national policies, economic development, population growth, and the natural environment. This study introduced a novel approach towards rational planning of land resources in Nanchong, which may facilitate more sustainable urban planning and development.
Spatial heterogeneity is a fundamental property of any natural ecosystems, including hot spring and human microbiomes. Two important scales that spatial heterogeneity exhibits are population and ...community scales, and Taylor's power law (PL) and its extensions (PLEs) offer ideal quantitative models to assess population‐ and community‐level heterogeneities. Here we analyse 165 hot spring microbiome samples at the global scale that cover a wide range of temperatures (7.5–99°C) and pH levels (3.3–9). We explore a question of fundamental importance for measuring the spatial heterogeneity of the hot‐spring microbiome and further discuss their ecological implications: How do critical environmental factors such as temperature and pH influence the scaling of community spatial heterogeneity? We are particularly interested in the existence of a universal scaling model that is independent of environmental gradients. By applying PL and PLEs, we were able to obtain such scaling parameters of the hot spring at both community and population levels, which are temperature‐ and pH‐invariant. These findings suggest that while the hot‐spring microbiomes located at different regions may have different environmental conditions, they share a fundamental heterogeneity scaling parameter, analogically similar to the gravitational acceleration on Earth, which may vary slightly depending on altitude and latitude, but is invariant overall. In contrast, similar to the physics of the Moon and Earth, which have different gravitational accelerations, the hot spring and human microbiomes can have different scaling parameters as demonstrated in this study.
PDF
