This book argues that liberalism in Portugal was an urban phenomenon involving a very small minority of the people, and points to a variety of reasons for this.
Using a systems approach, this book examines how transatlantic labor migrations were linked to European circuits of geographic mobility, and explores the development of social networks that were ...crucial in Portuguese migrants’ socioeconomic adaptation in the Argentine pampas and Patagonia.; Readership: Readers interested in social history and historical sociology; labor history; world and transnational history; migration, ethnic and diaspora studies; history of Latin America, southern Europe, and the Atlantic World.
The effectiveness of pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) as a rapid analytical technique to get insight in wildfire-induced molecular alterations of the soil organic matter in ...Mediterranean Leptosols was examined. To this end, the topsoil of two slopes with adjacent patches of burnt and unburnt Maritime Pine (Pinus pinaster) and eucalypt plantations (Eucalyptus globulus) were sampled in the Serra de Lousã, central Portugal. Several differences were found between the neighbouring burnt and unburnt soils, both in thermal desorption and pyrolysis behaviour. Thermal desorption results showed large amounts of aliphatic compounds (both alkyl and carbohydrate-derived compounds), which may indicate the incorporation of fresh plant material or low wildfire severity. Pyrolysis at 500°C revealed an increase of low molecular weight molecules for certain homologous series in fire-affected soils, suggesting the occurrence of thermal breakdown and cracking of long-chain components. In addition, the presence of several thermo-labile markers pointed to the low severity of the wildfire. Elemental analysis indicated marked fire-induced increases in TOC and TN for the pine stand as opposed to noticeable decreases for the eucalypt stands. Probably, this contrast between the two sites is not due to differences in direct fire effects (especially fire severity) but to indirect fire effects i.e. in particular needle/leaf fall from affected canopies.
► Pyrolysis–GC/MS studies changes into the soil organic matter due to fire. ► Adjacent burnt/unburnt Maritime Pine and eucalypt plantations are compared. ► Thermal desorption and pyrolysis indicated low-severity wildfire. ► Indirect fire effects could explain contrasting differences in un-/burnt TOC and TN.
This groundbreaking monograph explores the fascinating social context of "witchcraft" trials in Portugal during the long eighteenth century, when conventional medical practitioners, motivated by a ...desire to promote "scientific" medicine, worked within the Holy Office to prosecute superstitious folk healers.
Fire-enhanced runoff generation and erosion are an important concern in recently burnt areas worldwide but their mitigation has received little public and scientific attention in Portugal. The ...present study addressed this knowledge gap for the two principal fire-prone forest types in Portugal, testing the effectiveness of a type of mulch that is widely available in the study region but has been little utilized and poorly studied so far. For logistic reasons, two somewhat different forest residue mulches were tested in a eucalypt plantation (eucalypt chopped bark) and a nearby Maritime Pine stand (eucalypt logging slash). Arguably, however, more important differences between the two study sites were those in fire severity, resulting in an elevated litter cover prior to mulching at the pine site but not at the eucalypt site, and in experimental design, with eight bounded erosion plots of 16m2 installed at the eucalypt site as opposed to only four at the pine site (due to its limited size). Mulching was applied four months after the wildfire and two months after installation of the plots. Rainfall, runoff and sediment and organic matter losses were measured on a 1- to 2-weekly basis. Mulching proved highly effective at the eucalypt site, on average reducing the runoff coefficient from 26 to 15% and sediment losses from 5.41 to 0.74Mgha−1. This mulching effect was also statistically significant, albeit only for the more important runoff and erosion events, and corresponded to a significant role of litter cover in explaining the variation in runoff and erosion. At the pine site, by contrast, mulching had no obvious effect. In all probability, this was first and foremost due to the comparatively small amounts of runoff and sediments produced by the untreated pine plots (5% and 0.32Mgha−1) and, as such, due to the extensive needle cast following a low severity fire.
► The effectiveness of two forests residue mulching was monitored after a wildfire. ► Chopped bark mulch reduced runoff and erosion in a eucalypt plantation. ► Slash logging mulch in a pine plantation did not show differences. ► Soil water repellency and soil cover were key factors addressing runoff and erosion.
Paleontologists have favoured univariate statistical methods over multivariate ones, using information-rich data to derive diversity measures such as the Simpson's index. However, such ...palaeontological datasets may benefit from flexible multivariate methods that exploit data directly. Hence in this work, with the aim of quantifying and characterising the spatio-temporal change in the species composition and abundance of benthic foraminiferal assemblages, univariate and multivariate statistical techniques are applied on a Lusitanian Basin dataset from the Lower–Middle Jurassic transition. This paper presents the trends identified at spatial and temporal scales, i.e. among sections corresponding to distal, middle and proximal palaeogeographical positions within the platform and between two successive stratigraphic intervals (upper Toarcian and lower Aalenian). It also compares the results obtained by univariate and multivariate methods.
Samples in the reference sections are composed by taxa typical of the Jurassic carbonate marine platforms of the Boreal Realm, such as Vaginulinidae and Lenticulina species. Univariate analysis only found significant change in species diversity between the two most distant sections and failed to detect any temporal change. In contrast, multivariate analysis (PERMANOVA and NMDS) revealed that spatial change in assemblage structure (22%) quadruples temporal change (5%). CAP analysis identified characteristic species for each section along the palaeogradient, with a posterior cross-validation procedure that classified correctly 97% of the samples. In fact, multivariate results suggest the existence of stable palaeoecological conditions across the Lower–Middle Jurassic transition in the Lusitanian Basin. Future work in the field may benefit from multivariate analysis, including hydrocarbon exploration activities where only core samples are available and foraminifera are currently used.
•Early–Middle Jurassic foraminiferal assemblages of the Lusitanian Basin were analysed.•Taxa diversity was correlated with palaeoenvironmental positions within the basin.•Univariate and multivariate analyses of variance were applied to the assemblages.•Results identify palaeoecological preferences of some taxa within the platform.•The PERMANOVA-based statistical model used can be applied to other analogous basins.
It would seem unlikely that one could discover tolerant religious attitudes in Spain, Portugal, and the New World colonies during the era of the Inquisition, when enforcement of Catholic orthodoxy ...was widespread and brutal. Yet this groundbreaking book does exactly that. Drawing on an enormous body of historical evidence-including records of the Inquisition itself-the historian Stuart Schwartz investigates the idea of religious tolerance and its evolution in the Hispanic world from 1500 to 1820. Focusing on the attitudes and beliefs of common people rather than those of intellectual elites, the author finds that no small segment of the population believed in freedom of conscience and rejected the exclusive validity of the Church.
The book explores various sources of tolerant attitudes, the challenges that the New World presented to religious orthodoxy, the complex relations between "popular" and "learned" culture, and many related topics. The volume concludes with a discussion of the relativist ideas that were taking hold elsewhere in Europe during this era.
A comprehensive investigation of the Early Jurassic stratigraphical palynology of the Lusitanian Basin in western Portugal was undertaken, with most emphasis placed on dinoflagellate cysts. A total ...of 214 samples from an upper Sinemurian to upper Toarcian composite section based on six successions were examined. The Sinemurian material examined was barren of dinoflagellate cysts; however, the Pliensbachian and Toarcian successions are characterised by relatively low diversities where Luehndea spinosa, Mancodinium semitabulatum, Mendicodinium microscabratum, Nannoceratopsis gracilis, Nannoceratopsis senex, and Scriniocassis priscus are relatively common and biostratigraphically significant. Luehndea spinosa dominates the lowermost Toarcian (Dactylioceras polymorphum ammonite Biozone), and is an index species. At the base of the Hildaites levisoni ammonite Biozone, the effects of the Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event (T-OAE) caused Luehndea spinosa to become extinct. At the same time, dinoflagellate cyst abundance and diversity markedly decreased. After the T-OAE, during the middle and late Toarcian, phytoplankton recovery was prolonged and slow in the Lusitanian Basin. The Luehndea spinosa and Mendicodinium microscabratum dinoflagellate cyst biozones are defined, both of which are subdivided into two dinoflagellate cyst subbiozones.
PDF