Idiomatic expressions play an important role in communication. They are widely used in both spoken and written discourse and are often one of the indicators of native-like proficiency. This paper ...discusses Chinese idioms chengyu in foreign language education, presents some observations regarding the scope of idioms predicted for the advanced level of Chinese, and introduces conceptual gaps between L1 and L2 as possible reasons for learners’ mistaken usages. This study argues that equipping students with skills and knowledge needed for reaching contextually appropriate use of idioms should be the main goal in the teaching/learning process and provides a set of practical suggestions as to which aspects of teaching idioms should be considered thoroughly.
Why do some attempts to conclude alliance treaties end in failure? From the inability of European powers to form an alliance that would stop Hitler in the 1930s, to the present inability of Ukraine ...to join NATO, states frequently attempt but fail to form alliance treaties. In Arguing about Alliances, Paul Poast sheds new light on the purpose of alliance treaties by recognizing that such treaties come from negotiations, and that negotiations can end in failure. In a book that bridges Stephen Walt's Origins of Alliance and Glenn Snyder's Alliance Politics, two classic works on alliances, Poast identifies two conditions that result in non-agreement: major incompatibilities in the internal war plans of the participants, and attractive alternatives to a negotiated agreement for various parties to the negotiations. As a result, Arguing about Alliances focuses on a group of states largely ignored by scholars: states that have attempted to form alliance treaties but failed. Poast suggests that to explain the outcomes of negotiations, specifically how they can end without agreement, we must pay particular attention to the wartime planning and coordinating functions of alliance treaties. Through his exploration of the outcomes of negotiations from European alliance negotiations between 1815 and 1945, Poast offers a typology of alliance treaty negotiations and establishes what conditions are most likely to stymie the attempt to formalize recognition of common national interests.
The study outlines the status quo of international cooperation in competition law matters. This is done by examining, in chronological order, the various approaches of the many multi- and bi-lateral ...international agreements that have attempted to solve the problems of competition law (WTO, GATT, etc.). Subsequently, the focus of this thesis is on the analysis of bilateral trade agreements. Within the framework of this analysis, the potential of trade agreements for competition law cooperation is to be shown. For this reason, only those bilateral trade agreements are analyzed that deal with the topic of regulatory cooperation in competition law in specially provided competition chapters. In doing so, the different stages of cooperation will be analyzed along the different integration phases of any trade agreements. The highest form of trade agreement integration – customs unions – will be dealt with separately, using the EU as an example.
The work presents the set of the 300 most well-known and most frequent proverbs, sayings and similar paremiological units in modern Slovene, its theoretical and methodological basis and also how it ...can be used in different phraseological and phraseographical tasks. The concept of the paremiological optimum was developed by Ďurčo and it combines the concept of the Permjakov’s paremiological minimum of the most well-known units with corpus-based and frequency-oriented analyses. 316 Slovene speakers were included in the sociolinguistic test and the top list of the 300 most well-known out of 918 units presented to them was additionally arranged according to their frequency in the FidaPLUS language corpus. Author presents different search procedures which he used in the language corpora. The paremiological optimum is modernized according to the most frequent form of each unit in the Gigafida language corpus. The comparative research of the Slovak and Slovene paremiology based on the paremiological optimum is presented in details. Author also describes how the data he gained can be used in the lexicography.
Mediation of Robert Sutton during the Passarowitz Peace Conference in 1718 has confirmed the Britain’s new role in international relations. At the same time France approached Britain, confirming a ...new course of its foreign policy. However, such approaching threatened to spoil relations between Britain and Austria. From the last decades of the seventeenth century, British alliance with Austria was highly significant, and therefore as the mediator in peace talks between Austria and Turkey was elected Robert Sutton, already experienced as British Ambassador to the Ottoman Porte. Britain expected that both sides will take into account his diplomatic experience and political credibility. His role turned out to become additionally significant within highly complicated international circumstances. Particularly concerned with the Russian military involvement in the area of Mecklenburg and the strengthening of Russia in the Baltic, as well as with renewed ambitions of Spain in Italy, British government sought to simultaneously control and speed up the Passarowitz peace negotiations.
Seizmografska istraživanja čiji je naručitelj Vlada Republike Hrvatske ukazuju na to da jadransko podmorje sadrži zalihe ugljikovodika. Iako tu nije riječ o posebice bogatim zalihama, rezultati tih ...početnih istraživanja pobuđuju interes multinacionalnih trgovačkih društava koja se bave preradom ugljikovodika. Pravna sigurnost gospodarskog pothvata tim društvima jedna je od najvažnijih pretpostavki za ulaganje. Taj zahtjev će se ispuniti s(p)retnom i umješnom kombinacijom zakonodavnog uređenja tog gospodarskog područja države domaćina s jedne strane te sklapanjem posebnih „tailor made“ ugovora s druge, što predstavlja veliki izazov za ugovorne strane. Naime, ugovori o iskorištavanju ugljikovodika moraju kao i svaki drugi ugovor biti odraz svih načela obveznog prava pa je u tom smislu potrebno pronaći pravu ravnotežu između načela ravnopravnosti ugovornih strana i načela pacta sunt servanda, ali i zahtjeva inozemnog trgovačkog društva koje ulaže znatna sredstva u pothvat i očekuje određene povlastice koje će omogućiti razmjerno brz povrat barem početno uloženih sredstava. Ne smije se zaboraviti da je tu riječ o višegodišnjim ugovorima koji trebaju izdržati test ponekad burnih gospodarskih ali i društveno-političkih promjena te treba utvrditi jesu li se okolnosti toliko promijenile da je za jednu od ugovornih strana ispunjenje ugovornih obveza otežano ili se više ne može ostvariti niti svrha ugovora. Kod spomenutih ugovora, raskid ugovora najčešće nije u interesu ugovornih strana. U radu se provodi raščlamba najvažnijih odredaba tih ugovora te se predlažu rješenja koja bi tim pravnim poslovima dala potrebnu razinu prilagodljivosti svim gospodarsko-političkim promjenama koje će sigurno nastati.
For the contract on exploitation of hydrocarbons it has been shown that great attention should be paid to the negotiation phase. The durability of the contract is usually a result of the fact that the negotiators had equal bargaining power. However, the study of basic legal mechanisms, of the process of re-negotiation and different remedies that are used in these contracts points to the conclusion that such agreements must constantly be updated. It is therefore necessary for such contracts to incorporate provisions governing the procedure for their "painless" change. These provisions should be adaptable to the new circumstances and "rules of the game" must be clear to the contractors from the outset. If these questions are regulated in detail then there is less possibility of costly and lengthy disputes emerging. When negotiating, the parties should take into account all the circumstances of the case and find the right measure for use of all legal means described above in order to achieve the main goal - flexibility of the contract and its adaptability to the new circumstances. The paper showed that none of the given solutions has the absolute advantage over the others, but the best results are achieved by skillful combining a large number of these legal remedies. The ultimate goal would be that the host state realize the full extent of its sovereign rights over its natural energy resources eventually.
It is for many countries that are burdened by economic problems a tall order, because foreign investors in many cases continue to have '' the last word '' even when the host country holds, for example, a majority of shares in the company.
Godine 1942. izvršena je zamjena dviju slika Vittorea Carpaccia iz Strossmayerove galerije u Zagrebu za tzv. Višeslavovu krstionicu iz Muzeja Correr u Veneciji. Ciljano arhivsko istraživanje ...dokumenata o zamjeni koji se čuvaju u Strossmayerovoj galeriji, u Arhivu HAZU, u Ministarstvu kulture, u Hrvatskom državnom arhivu, te Muzeju i Biblioteci Correr u Veneciji, rezultiralo je obimnom građom čija analiza omogućuje izravan uvid u tijek pregovora i uspostavljanje precizne kronologije zamjene, te doprinosi sagledavanju zbivanja i u širem društveno-povijesnom kontekstu. Naposlijetku se ukazuje i na najranije datiran dokument iz arhiva Muzeja Correr, koji sadrži dragocjen opis krstionice iz 1852. godine
Short folklore forms are diverse group of short folklore texts~some of these are used in everyday communication and are still alive, others are reserved for specific moments~some of them are ...disappearing from our linguistic and cultural environment. Their structure,function, texture and context of use differ very greatly, as well as their length~it may comprise a single word (eg. greetings), one sentence (proverbs, riddles) or a short text (defense, prayer). Book systematically and comprehensively shows the origin, structure and classification system, and aesthetic structures of the most representative short folklore forms: working exclamations, greetings, curses, proverbs, riddles, incantations and prayers.
Pobunjeništvo i protupobunjeništvo kao suvremeni oblici ratovanja prikazani su u radu kao dva fenomena koja su zapravo prisutna u svim fazama ljudske civilizacije. Zbog interesa velikog broja ...stručnjaka možemo ih smatrati suvremenim fenomenom. Pobunjeništvo je jedan od oblika izražavanja nezadovoljstva određenom situacijom. Neki su od čimbenika koji potiču to nezadovoljstvo ekonomska i društvena nejednakost
te kršenje ljudskih prava i sloboda. Nezadovoljstvo može biti toliko jako da potiče ustanak pobunjenika na rušenje vlasti. Nasuprot tomu nalazi se protupobunjeništvo, koje obuhvaća sva sredstva suzbijanja pobunjeništva. Provodi se konvencionalnim,
regularnim sredstvima i snagama koje su osposobljene za takvu vrstu borbe. Zbog kompleksnosti, u radu je za studiju slučaja uzet građanski rat u Sirijskoj Arapskoj Republici. U radu se objašnjavaju povijesne predispozicije izbijanja sukoba, daljnji razvoj, interesi pojedinih vanjskih i unutarnjih aktera te su prikazana neka od mogućih rješenja sirijskog pitanja.
Proces proširenja Europske Unije prošao je kroz sedam faza i to u različitim političkim okolnostima. Pojam „proširenje“ predstavlja više od brojčanog širenja članstva i zapravo je sinonim za ...ujedinjenje kontinenta. Proširenje prvenstveno znači definiranje kriterija za potencijalne nove članice EU-a, kao i sam proces pristupnih pregovora za punopravno članstvo novih država članica. Usto, proširenje predstavlja najjači instrument širenja paneuropske ideje s namjerom stvaranja jedinstvene političke, gospodarske i multikulturalne geografske cjeline s konačnim ciljem da se Europu učini jednim od čimbenika novonastajućega globalnog međunarodnog poretka, uz SAD, Kinu i Rusiju. Možda se to čini (suviše) ambicioznim, ali proces proširenja (ujedinjenja) realna je pretpostavka u traženju načina stvaranja Europe kao važnoga globalnog čimbenika. Pritom Zapadni Balkan kao „(ne)sređena“ europska subregija može biti sredstvo (de)stabilizacije Europe. Deklaracijom iz Soluna iz 2003.
godine Europska Unija čelnicima Zapadnog Balkana jasno je izrazila „europsku budućnost“ svih zemalja Zapadnoga Balkana.
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