Nitrogen fertilizer is an important agronomic measure that greatly affects crop yield and grain quality. This two-year study aimed to explore the effects of four nitrogen levels on the morphology, ...lamellar and crystalline structure, pasting, and rheological properties of proso millet (PM) starch, and to investigate potential food applications of PM. The results showed that the starch surface became uneven and the structure of the starch granules shifted towards greater complexity with increasing nitrogen level. Nitrogen increased the relative crystallinity, ordered structure, and average repeat distance, leading to a stable starch structure and contributing to a higher gelatinization enthalpy. Furthermore, nitrogen significantly increased peak, breakdown, setback, and final viscosities but decreased apparent amylose content, which caused the shear resistance and storage capacity of PM starch-based foods to deteriorate during processing and transport. Rheological analysis showed that PM starch exhibited the typical characteristics of a pseudoplastic fluid. Under nitrogen treatment, PM starch gels showed high potential for application in 3D printing products due to a high resistance to shear thinning, gel strength, and yield stress, presumably owing to the significantly higher G′ than G′′, and the lower amylose content, which in turn promoted the formation of a stable network structure in water to immobilize more water. Our study provides a reference for the application of PM starch in the food industry and for the development of PM cropping-management programs to improve quality.
Proso millet
L.
is a warm season grass with a growing season of 60-100 days. It is a highly nutritious cereal grain used for human consumption, bird seed, and/or ethanol production. Unique ...characteristics, such as drought and heat tolerance, make proso millet a promising alternative cash crop for the Pacific Northwest (PNW) region of the United States. Development of proso millet varieties adapted to dryland farming regions of the PNW could give growers a much-needed option for diversifying their predominantly wheat-based cropping systems. In this review, the agronomic characteristics of proso millet are discussed, with emphasis on growth habits and environmental requirements, place in prevailing crop rotations in the PNW, and nutritional and health benefits. The genetics of proso millet and the genomic resources available for breeding adapted varieties are also discussed. Last, challenges and opportunities of proso millet cultivation in the PNW are explored, including the potential for entering novel and regional markets.
•Four proso millet grains with different color were subject to metabolomic analysis.•There are more than 100 differential metabolites between white and colored grains.•Colored grains have higher ...phenolic acid and flavonoid contents than white grains.•Levels of amino acids are significantly different among the four varieties.
Proso millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) is a minor cereal crop that has been considered as health-promoting food. Little information is available however, about the metabolic basis of nutritional values of proso millet. In this study, using a UHPLC-QqQ-MS/MS-based metabolomics approach, we compared the metabolomes of whole grains from four proso millet varieties with different bran color, namely White, Black, Gray and Red. In total, 672 metabolites were identified, among which 121, 116 and 148 metabolites showed differential accumulation in the three comparison groups (White vs. Black/Gray/Red). The results demonstrated the main pathways that were differentially activated included: tryptophan metabolism, flavonoid, isoflavonoid, flavone, and flavonol biosynthesis. Considerable difference between varieties was observed in accumulation of phenolic acids and flavonoids, which might lead to difference in antioxidant activities. The results of this study provide useful information for further investigation of proso millet food chemistry and for sufficient utilization of this special crop.
Millets are cereal grains whose farming dates back thousands of years and have been farmed and consumed by a wide variety of cultures around the world. In recent times, there has been a growing ...interest in millets due to their medicinal characteristics and nutritional advantages. Millets have a substantial nutritional content and can provide a wide range of beneficial health effects. These foods have a relatively low glycemic index in addition to their high levels of dietary fiber, proteins, vitamins, and minerals. In this review, the most recent information regarding the potential effects of millets on the management of diabetes, the health of the heart, antioxidant activity, anti-cancer capacities, and other therapeutic benefits is investigated. In addition, the report provides an in-depth analysis of the current genome resources that are associated with millets, as well as a summary of the key genetic discoveries that have been made. The report also emphasizes the need for further research to maximize the potential of millets through the utilization of genetic resources and breeding techniques to develop high-nutrient-rich and climate-resilient varieties.
Objective
Attention‐Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is one of the most prevalent childhood disorders, affecting around 3.4% of children worldwide. A common and impairing correlate of ADHD is ...aggressive behaviour. ADHD symptoms and aggression are both heterogeneous and it has been speculated that certain symptoms of ADHD might be more important in aggressive behaviours of different types than others. This study uses a symptom‐level analysis to investigate the concurrent and temporal links between ADHD symptoms and aggressive behaviours.
Methods
Using Gaussian Graphical Models and Graphical Vector Autoregression Models, longitudinal and cross‐sectional networks of ADHD symptoms and aggressive behaviours, measured using parent‐reported Social Behaviour Questionnaires, were estimated. Participants included 1,246 children taking part in the longitudinal Swiss z‐proso cohort study at ages 7, 9 and 11.
Results
The longitudinal network highlighted that ADHD symptoms and aggressive behaviours share a multitude of reciprocal temporal relations, with inattentive ADHD symptoms preceding both reactive and proactive aggression. Cross‐sectional networks suggested that hyperactive/impulsive symptoms were predominantly connected to reactive aggressive behaviours but also to a form of proactive aggression, namely dominating other children.
Conclusion
Findings provide preliminary evidence which specific symptoms are the most promising targets for reducing aggressive behaviours in children with ADHD. They also highlight the potential importance of targeting feedback loops resulting from aggressive behaviours. Future research is needed to better understand the mechanisms through which ADHD and aggressive behaviours become linked.
Proso millet, being the climate-resilient crop among cereals can be grown for food and fodder purposes. The current study was carried out to assess the variability, association, and divergence for 15 ...biometrical traits among 72 Proso millet accessions. The traits viz., number of basal tillers, flag leaf blade width, peduncle length, number of grains per panicle, dry fodder yield and single plant yield contributed maximum for the variability among the genotypes. High heritability with high genetic advance were recorded for the traits namely plant height, number of basal tillers, flag leaf blade length, flag leaf blade width, peduncle length, panicle length, number of grains per panicle, number of primary inflorescence branches, crude protein, dry fodder yield and single plant yield. Therefore selection based on these traits will be rewarding in future proso millet breeding programs. The traits such as plant height, number of basal tillers, flag leaf blade width, peduncle length, number of grains per panicle, and number of primary inflorescence branches were positively and significantly correlated with single plant yield, indicating the importance of these traits while improving the yield. High positive direct effect in path coefficient analysis for the traits plant height, flag leaf sheath length, panicle length, peduncle length, and thousand-grain weight indicated that yield improvement can be accomplished by direct selection based on these characters. Divergence by using Mehalanobis D2 analysis resulted in ten clusters. High inter cluster distance was observed between the clusters VII and X, VI and X, VI and X, and XII and I. Therefore, hybridization between the genotypes among the respective pair of clusters would be desirable to have high heterotic crosses.
In this study, proso millet starch was isolated and subjected to treatment with ultra-high pressure (UHP), cold plasma (CP), or their combination to modify its functional properties. The changes in ...structural, physicochemical, and digestive properties of proso millet starch after these treatments were investigated. The proso millet native starch granules showed irregular and polygonal shapes with a smooth surface. Treatments with CP or UHP at low pressures did not change the morphological properties or crystalline structure type of proso millet starch granules, while the treatment with UHP at 600 MPa and CP resulted in a complete gelatinization of starch. Also, UHP treatment at high pressure, followed by CP treatment, destroyed the partial crystalline region and reduced the short-range order of proso millet starch. Besides, a combination of UHP and CP treatment promoted the depolymerization of long chains in proso millet starch. Moreover, the combined treatments could enhance the resistance to high temperature and shearing and improve the pasting stability of starch. Furthermore, the combined treatment could increase the slowly digestible starch content. Therefore, the combination of UHP and CP treatment can be suggested for modifying the functional properties of proso millet starch and promoting its industrial applications.
•The native proso millet starch showed A-type crystalline structure.•Starch completely gelatinized after treatment at pressure level of 600 MPa and CP.•The treatment with CP increasd the resistant starch content of UHP- treated starch.•The combination of UHP and CP treatments is effective for starch modification.
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•Plasma-treated PMS paste showed better clarity on 5 days of storage.•Relative crystallinity degree (%) of starch increased after cold plasma treatment.•Cold plasma treated PMS yield ...low-viscous starch pastes.•Solubility of cold plasma treated PMS increased by 45.27%
The present work aimed to study the influence of atmospheric pressure pin-to-plate cold plasma on the physicochemical (pH, moisture, and amylose content), functional (water & oil binding capacity, solubility & swelling power, paste clarity on storage, pasting), powder flow, thermal and structural (FTIR, XRD, and SEM) characteristics at an input voltage of 170–230 V for 5–15 min. The starch surface modification by cold plasma was seen in the SEM images which cause the surge in WBC (1.54 g/g to 1.93 g/g), OBC (2.22 g/g to 2.79 g/g), solubility (3.05–5.38% at 70 °C; 37.11–52.98% at 90 °C) and swelling power (5.39–7.83% at 70 °C; 25.67–35.33% at 90 °C) of starch. Reduction in the amylose content (27.82% to 25.07%) via plasma-induced depolymerization resists the retrogradation tendency, thereby increasing the paste clarity (up to ̴ 39%) during the 5 days of refrigerated storage. However, the paste viscosity is reduced after cold plasma treatment yielding low-strength starch pastes. The relative crystallinity of starch increased (37.35% to 45.36%) by the plasma-induced fragmented starch granules which would aggregate and broaden the gelatinization temperature, but these starch fragments reduced the gelatinization enthalpy. The fundamental starch structure is conserved as seen in FTIR spectra. Thus, cold plasma aids in the production of soluble, low-viscous, stable, and clear paste-forming depolymerized proso-millet starch.
The understanding of the protein structure-function relationship is very important to the study of protein chemistry. In this research, the physicochemical, functional, and structural properties of ...the storage protein fractions from two defatted proso millet cultivars (Dawn and Plateau) were determined and reported. The results show that protein recovery efficiency of 53.5% and 60.1% was recorded for Dawn and Plateau, respectively. The average denaturation temperature of all fractions was about 82.1 ± 3.5 °C. Surface hydrophobicity values for Dawn fractions were 11781, 10594, 316, and 2225 for albumin, globulin, and glutelin, respectively and 3415, 2865, 353, and 456 for Plateau fractions, respectively. Most of the protein fractions showed the highest solubility at pH 9 and lowest solubilities at pH ≤ 7 with solubility range from 5.7 to 100%. Emulsifying activity index (EAI) of less than 0.25 m2/g was recorded for most fractions, while the highest emulsion stability index (ESI) recorded was about 60 min. Prolamin fractions showed three major peptide bands of 11, 14, and 24 kDa while glutelin fraction revealed only a major band of 15 kDa and several minor bands of 11, 22, 24, 78, 209 kDa. No differences in the electrophoresis pattern were observed for the fraction with or without a reducing agent.
Extraction and characterization of proso millet protein fractions. Display omitted
•Prolamin is the major protein fraction in proso millet and with least solubility.•Albumin and globulin showed a higher S0 to prolamin and glutelin protein fractions.•EAI was highest in albumin fraction while ESI was highest in prolamin fraction.•FC and FS is highest in glutelin fraction but lowest in prolamin fraction.•Major polypeptide bands in prolamin are 11, 14 and 24 kDa; 15 kDa for glutelin.
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