Ovim radom želimo potaći istraživanja o ulozi drveća i cvijeća u religijama i religijskim tradicijama, te uloge životinja i ptica u religijskim tradicijama. U pripremi rada koristili smo se analizom ...sadržaja, ponajprije „svetih spisa“ (Bhagavad-gite, Biblije, Kur'ana i Talmuda). U uvodu ukazujemo na bavljenje prirodom religija davno prije nastanka ekoloških pokreta. Dovelo je to, u novije vrijeme, i do razvoja zasebne teološke discipline – ekološke teologije. Ni sociologija religije nije mogla izbjeći tematiku odnosa religije – priroda. Prvi dio rada odnosi se na temu koju ćemo rijetko naći u sociologiji religije ili u religiologiji – o drveću i cvijeću u religijama i religijskim tradicijama. Pokušali smo „proći“ kroz povijest religijskih tradicija i naučavanja (od „starih“ religija, hinduizma, šintoizma, budizma, taoizma do židovstva, kršćanstva i islama) kako bismo ukazali na značaj drveća i cvijeća u religijskom životu čovjeka (drvo kao totem, uloga planina u religijskim tradicijama, drvo u obrednoj praksi…). Rečeno je i ponešto pojedinačno o drveću koje se najčešće spominje u mitologijama i religijskim tradicijama (badem, bagrem, hrast, jabuka, lipa, loza, maslina, palma, nar, smokva…). Kakva je uloga cvijeća u religijama i religijskim tradicijama (osobito u obrednoj praksi)? Izdvojili smo ono cvijeće koje najčešće spominju i pismeno analiziraju religijski autoriteti (ciklama, iris, lotos, ljiljan, ruža). Jednako nam je zanimljivo bilo istraživati ulogu životinja i ptica u religijama i religijskim tradicijama. Još smo jednom analizirali kako se na njihovu ulogu gleda iz različitih religijskih perspektiva – od hinduizma, do židovstva, kršćanstva i islama. Osobito nas je zanimala uloga životinja u žrtvenim obredima unutar različitih religijskih tradicija; tradicija proricanja na osnovu dijela tijela neke životinje; izbjegavanje konzumiranja mesa zbog religijske tradicije, itd. Naveli smo i kratak osvrt na to kakvu simboliku pojedine životinje imaju u religijskim tradicijama (bik, deva, jarac, jelen, konj, kornjača, koza, krava, lav, lisica, mačka, magarac, ovca…). I ptice igraju određenu ulogu u religijskim tradicijama. Zanimalo nas je kakva je simbolika ptica u pojedinim religijskim tradicijama (feniks, golub, grlica, labud, orao, pijetao, roda, sova…). Zaključak je da drveće, cvijeće, životinje i ptice imaju svoju ulogu u religijama i religijskim tradicijama. Osobito njihova uloga dolazi do izražaja u religijskim obredima, najčešće kao obredno sredstvo.
Istraživanja ornitofaune južnog dijela Velebita odvijaju se kontinuirano od 1984.
god. do danas. Dio podataka je prikupljen promatranjem ptica u različitim dijelovima
NP Paklenica, ali i na ...dijelovima južnog Velebita, od Velikog Libinja do Tulovih greda,
Prezida i Crnopca. Područje srednjeg Velebita istraživano je od Bačić kose do Alaginca
i Bačić kuka 2003. god., te povremeno 2011. i 2012. god. Područje sjevernog Velebita
posjećivano je oko Zavižana, botaničkog vrta, dijela Premužićeve staze do Rossijeve
kolibe, Lomske dulibe i Štirovače tjekom 1988. god. i povremeno od 2007. do 2011. god.
Ptice su bilježene u vrijeme gniježđenja, proljetne i jesenske selidbe kao i zimi. Do sada je
na Velebitu zabilježena 271 vrsta ptica.
Unutar granica NP Paklenica obitava 165 vrsta, od kojih se gnijezdi 101 vrsta. U
području NP Sjeverni Velebit je zabilježeno 110 vrsta ptica. Danas se sa sigurnošću može
reći da se 127 vrsta ptica gnijezdi na planini Velebit. Ovaj prilog sadrži cjeloviti popis
zabilježenih vrsta ptica, kategorije ugroženosti, sezonski status, kao i procjenu brojnosti
gnjezdarica, odnosno preletnica.
Conservation of the biodiversity of the forest ecosystems is becoming one of the priority issues in the forest management. Birds play an important role in the overall life of the forest ecosystem, ...for instance, as an important component of the trophic chains. Recent studies worldwide suggest decline in the population size and richness of the forest bird species, especially those nesting in the cavity of the forest trees. Special emphasis is placed on the secondary cavity nesters. In contrast to the primary cavity excavators, which are making a tree cavity by themselves, secondary cavity nesters for their nesting use cavities made by the primary cavity excavators or natural cavities formed by gradual wood decay process. In order to maintain bird diversity in the forests with a lack of nesting cavities, installation of the nestboxes is an important strategy in many countries. This applies mainly to young deciduous, coniferous stands, and monocultural plantations and areas afforested with exotic tree species. In this paper, occupation of the nestboxes in the young deciduous stands was investigated. According to some researchers, the colour of the nestbox and its height above the ground could be important factors of the nestbox occupation in some bird species. In this study, a total of 120 standard wooden nestboxes were used (60 green and 60 brown). Nestboxes were installed in pairs on a single tree, at a height of 4.0 to 4.5 m (“high” position) and 2.0 to 2.5 m (“low” position). On the first tree, the green nestbox was in the “high” position, on the next tree in the “low” position and so on. The aim of this study was to determine the degree of occupancy of the nestboxes with a respect to the colour and the position on the tree. Because of the intra- and interspecific competition, only one of the nestbox pair was inhabited. Of the total 60 nestbox pairs, 44 (73.3%) nestboxes were occupied; 35 (79, 5%) by a Great Tit (
Parus major
) and 9 (20.5%) by a Blue Tit (
Cyanistes caeruleus
). Great Tits occupied mainly “green” nestboxes (88.6%), with no significant differences in the height position of the chosen nestbox. In conclusion, the colour of the nestboxes is more important factor than the height position on the tree during the occupation of the nestboxes by a Great Tit.
U gospodarenju i upravljanju šumama sve se više nameće kao prioritetno pitanje očuvanje bioraznolikosti šumskih ekosustava. Ptice imaju značajnu ulogu u cjelokupnosti živoga svijeta šuma, primjerice, kao važna sastavnica hranidbenih lanaca. Recentna istraživanja diljem mnogih regija svijeta upućuju na pad populacija i bogatstva šumskih ptičjih vrsta, a to se posebice odnosi na ptice koje se gnijezde u dupljama šumskog drveća. Poseban je naglasak na sekundarnim dupljašicama. Za razliku od primarnih ptica dupljašica koje same dube šupljine u drvetu (deblu ili granama), sekundarne dupljašice za gniježđenje koriste duplje primarnih dupljašica ili duplje nastale prirodnim propadanjem drveta. Da bi se održala raznolikost ptičjeg svijeta u šumama bez dovoljno duplji za reprodukciju, u sve se više zemalja pristupa postavljanju umjetnih duplji (škrinjica). To se ponajviše odnosi na mlade bjelogorične, crnogorične i monokulturne sastojine te područja pošumljena egzotičnim vrstama. U ovome se radu analizira jedno takvo vješanje škrinjica u mladoj bjelogoričnoj šumi. Neka istraživanja sugeriraju da u nekih vrsta ptica u naseljavanju škrinjica određenu važnost ima obojenost te visina škrinjica iznad tla. U ovome istraživanju ukupno je postavljeno 120 standardnih drvenih škrinjica (60 zeleno obojenih i 60 smeđe obojenih) za veliku sjenicu (
Parus major
). Škrinjice su vješane u parovima na pojedino drvo, na visinu 4,0 – 4,5 m („visoko“ ) i 2,0 – 2,5 m („nisko“). Na prvom bi drvetu „zelena“ bila na poziciji „visoko“, na drugom drvetu na poziciji „nisko“ i tako redom. Cilj ovog rada bio je utvrditi stupanj prihvaćanja škrinjice s obzirom na obojenost te poziciju na drvetu. Od 60 parova škrinjica naseljene su 44 (73,3%). Od para škrinjica na drvetu ptice bi naselile samo jednu zbog intra- i interspecijske kompeticije. Od 44 naseljene škrinjice velika sjenica naselila je 35 (79, 5%), a plavetna sjenica (
Cyanistes caeruleus
) devet (20,5%). Velika je sjenica najvećim dijelom naselila „zelene“ škrinjice (88,6%) dok s obzirom na poziciju škrinjica na drvetu nije bilo značajne razlike. Zaključno, tijekom naseljavanja škrinjica boja ima prednost u odnosu na poziciju škrinjice na drvetu.
Abstract In the 11 years between 1999 and 2010, certain groups of birds inhabiting Kozjansko Regional Park underwent a moderate or large decline. Composite indices for indicator species of different ...habitat types showed an increase of generalist species (composite index 108.3), a moderate decline of forest species (composite index 76.6) and species of extensively managed orchards (composite index 76.4), and a large decline of farmland (composite index 62.8) and grassland species (composite index 8.7). Our study was based on a census using line transects with an inner and outer belt. Randomly distributed line transects with a total length of 60.8 km were surveyed using the same method both in 1999 and 2010. The decline of farmland species mirrors the population trend of this group at the national level. The study area is protected by multiple nature conservation mechanisms. It is protected as a regional park and partly as a Natura 2000 site. These mechanisms, however, do not seem to be functioning here. We believe the large decline of grassland species is a consequence of agricultural policy, which favours a decrease of extensively managed grasslands.
Since 1990, nature conservation NGOs are the main players in the running of nation-wide research and monitoring schemes for raptors in Bulgaria. Among them, the Bulgarian Society for the Protection ...of Birds (BSPB) and Green Balkans are most active, covering the most threatened diurnal raptors in the country. The key species covered by comprehensive monitoring schemes are the Imperial Eagle Aquila heliaca, White-tailed Eagle Haliaeetus albicilla, Egyptian Vulture Neophron percnopterus, Griffon Vulture Gyps fulvus, Black Vulture Aegypius monachus, Saker Falcon Falco cherrug and Red-footed Falcon F. vespertinus. Information on their distribution, numbers, breeding success, productivity, diet, movements etc. is gathered on annual basis. The Buzzard Buteo buteo and Kestrel F. tinnunculus are also regularly monitored at the national level by the Common Bird Monitoring scheme. Distribution of all raptor species has been studied for the purpose of the Atlas of Breeding Birds in Bulgaria. The contemporary satellite telemetry methods revealed important aspects of movements and threats to eagles and vultures from Bulgaria within the country and abroad. Main threats for the raptors in Bulgaria are related to habitat loss, unnatural mortality and disturbance. The main gaps in raptor monitoring in Bulgaria are related to the lack of coverage of most of the diurnal species and owls. There is a strong national and international cooperation in conjunction with the work concerning Imperial Eagle, Egyptian and Griffon Vultures. However, further enhancement of cooperation on other raptor species and issues such as lobbying for implementation of raptor-friendly agricultural practices and enhancement of various economic sectors are needed
V prispevku obravnavam odnos do ptičev na severovzhodni Islandiji v kontekstih, ko se te živali vpenjajo v razumevanje časovnosti in sezonskosti krajine. Ptice selivke s svojimi letnimi migracijskimi ...potmi in postanki v času gnezdilne sezone sodoločajo družbeno percipiranje letnega cikla, pa tudi vremena in podnebnih značilnosti ter vplivajo na nekatere nabiralske prakse. Pri tem izpostavljam predvsem vidika ptic kot znanilk pomladi ter (prevladujoče slušnega) zaznavanja ptic v kontekstu sezonskih ritmov in časovno zaznamovanih krajin. V družbeno življenje na severovzhodni Islandiji pa so vpete tudi ptice, ki ostajajo vse leto. Dotaknem se tudi sezonsko intoniranih dinamik, ki vključujejo relacije med več živalskimi vrstami. Različne razsežnosti percipiranja večvrstnega okolja se neposredno povezujejo s posameznikovim odnosom do krajine, hkrati pa pokažejo, da medvrstne odnose soustvarjajo tudi krajinsko in sezonsko niansirana znanja in izkušnje.
Abstract Agriculture has a great impact on biodiversity in Europe. Populations of farmland birds are declining due to both intensification and abandonment of agriculture. The purpose of this study ...was to determine the effects of overgrowing on the diversity of birds at Cerknica Polje. Six vegetation types were identified on eight survey plots (15.2-31.6 ha each): Short grass - regularly mown wet meadows; Tall herbs - stands of Common Reed Phragmites australis and Reed Canary Grass Phalaris arundinacea; Sparse bushes - stands of low woody plants; Dense bushes - dense stands of bushes; Meadows with trees - mown meadows with scattered trees; Bushes with trees - hedges, trees and dense stands of bushes. In total, 34 species were registered. The heterogeneity of vegetation types correlated positively with the heterogeneity of bird species. The highest density of breeding territories and species was established in Bushes with trees, the lowest in Short grass. No species were registered in all vegetation types, and only Tree Pipit was recorded in five out of six types. Twelve species were registered in only one vegetation type. Cerknica Polje is an important breeding locality for species with the highest breeding density at the national level (e.g. Corncrake Crex crex, Curlew Numenius arquata, Skylark Alauda arvensis, Whinchat Saxicola rubetra, Sedge Warbler Acrocephalus schoenobaenus). These species breed in specific habitats with different stages of succession. A managing plan for the area should therefore combine abandoned plots in different stages of succession and large regularly mown areas. Abandonment of agriculture at Cerknica Polje has led to the emergence of areas with bushes in different succession stages. Efforts should be directed at preserving large complexes of mown wet meadows.
Influenca ptica i drugih životinja Savić, Vladimir
Medicus (Zagreb, Croatia : 1992),
01/2011, Letnik:
20, Številka:
1_Influenca
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Virusi influence tipa A izdvojeni su iz brojnih vrsta ptica i sisavaca, no prirodni domaćin ovih virusa su divlje ptice koje žive uz vodu, primjerice patke, guske, galebovi i njima srodne ptice. ...Ostale vrste koje bivaju zaražene virusima influence A, a to su poglavito kokoš, puran, svinja, konj i čovjek, smatramo aberantnim domaćinima. Velika većina virusa influence A potpuno je prilagođena upravo vodenim pticama u kojih zaražavanje ne uzrokuje znakove bolesti i takvi su virusi u ovih domaćina u evolucijskoj stazi. Nasuprot tomu, vrlo intenzivna evolucija u aberantnim domaćinima pripisuje se selekcijskom pritisku zbog prilagodbe ovih virusa novom domaćinu. Ovakva prilagodba može rezultirati i vrlo visokom virulencijom za novog domaćina, a katkad i za druge vrste.
Spring migration of birds, particularly waterbirds and raptors, was monitored from dawn till dusk from an observation point located on the levee on the northern side of the Medvedce reservoir ...(Dravsko polje, NE Slovenia) in three separate years (1-17 Mar 2009; 25 Mar-10 Apr 2011; 28 Feb-12 Apr 2012). In all three years, 42,045 individuals of 89 species (66 waterbirds, 23 raptors) migrated over the site. 38,238 of these were waterbirds. The most numerous species was Lapwing Vanellus vanellus (11,813 individuals), followed by Blackheaded Gull Chroicocephalus ridibundus (10,515 individuals). In total, 3807 migratory storks, raptors and Cranes Grus grus were counted. Harriers (2303 individuals) were by far the most numerous group. The prevailing direction of migration was SW-NE. Half of all migrating birds were observed in the altitudinal belt between 10 and 100 m above ground level. Harriers were mostly observed up to 100 m above ground level, whereas storks, other raptors and Cranes were observed most often in the altitudinal belt between 100 and 500 m above ground level. The highest numbers of waterbirds were observed between 10 and 100 m above ground level. In the first five hours after sunrise, 61.3% of all waterbirds, 44.0% of all storks and raptors and only 20.5% of Cranes were observed. Although other parts of Dravsko polje have never been studied in such detail, it is possible that a significant portion of migrating birds from a larger area gathers at this site. This study confirms the importance of the area for migrating and staging birds, especially for Great Egret Ardea alba, Marsh Circus aeruginosus and Hen Harriers C. cyaneus, Osprey Pandion haliaetus, Crane, Ruff Calidris pugnax and Black-headed Gull that all reached at least 0.1% of their respective biogeographic populations. Internationally significant are particularly the numbers of migrating Marsh (1079 individuals in 2012) and Hen Harriers (408 individuals in 2012), as there are only few sites where these species migrate in such high numbers in spring.
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