Burnout syndrome (BOS) is a work-related constellation of symptoms characterized by emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and personal accomplishment. A cross-sectional survey was performed to ...study the prevalence of BOS among a randomly selected sample of 280 Italian Red Cross volunteers. A socio-demographic questionnaire and the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI)-HSS were used to collect data. 241 volunteers participated (response rate: 86.1%). A significant proportion of the workers had BOS subscale scores in the highest tertile: emotional exhaustion 8.0%, depersonalization 35.9% and perceived lack of accomplishment 23.5%, respectively. Volunteers in emergency care reported higher levels of emotional exhaustion (p=0.004) and depersonalization (p=0.001), and lower level of personal accomplishment (p=0.042) than volunteers engaged in non-healthcare social and administrative duties. These findings support the opportunity of a set of administrative, organizational and individual preventive interventions for emergency volunteers’ mental health.
A History of Violence Cotter, Cédric; Policinski, Ellen
Journal of international humanitarian legal studies,
06/2020, Letnik:
11, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
The International Review of the Red Cross, an academic journal produced by the International Committee of the Red Cross (icrc) and published by Cambridge University Press, traces its origins back ...more than 150 years. Throughout its existence, the publication has featured international humanitarian law (ihl) prominently. Because of this, it is possible to trace how the icrc was communicating publicly about ihl since 1869, allowing researchers to draw conclusions about how that body of law has evolved. In this article, the authors divide the history of the Review into five time periods, looking at trends over time as ihl was established as a body of law, was expanded to address trends in the ways war was waged, was disseminated and promoted to the international community, and how it is interpreted in light of current conflicts. Based on the way the law has been represented in the Review, the authors draw conclusions about the evolution of the law itself over time, and lessons this may provide for those who seek to influence the future development of the law regulating armed conflict.
Making Endless War is built on the premise that any attempt to understand how the content and function of the laws of war changed in the second half of the twentieth century should consider two major ...armed conflicts, fought on opposite edges of Asia, and the legal pathways that link them together across time and space. The Vietnam and Arab-Israeli conflicts have been particularly significant in the shaping and attempted remaking of international law from 1945 right through to the present day. This carefully curated collection of essays by lawyers, historians, philosophers, sociologists, and political geographers of war explores the significance of these two conflicts, including their impact on the politics and culture of the world’s most powerful nation, the United States of America. The volume foregrounds attempts to develop legal rationales for the continued waging of war after 1945 by moving beyond explaining the end of war as a legal institution, and toward understanding the attempted institutionalization of endless war.
During the First World War, the Italian people became familiar with the American khaki uniform not from the presence of combat units, which hardly appeared in Italy, but rather from the American Red ...Cross (ARC) workers, who arrived immediately after the disastrous rout of Caporetto (October/November 1917). Throughout Italy, they were the most visible representatives of mythical America, its munificence, effectiveness and concern for the common man. Relief for wounded and sick soldiers was but a small part of ARC activity: more than two thirds of its total expenditure was upon civilians. In fact, its greatest mission was to put new heart into all components of Italian society. It was there not only to heal combatants' wounds, but also to minister to the 'wounds of the spirit' of the population, in terms of demoralization, unrest and attraction towards revolutionary violence. Accordingly, it extended its activity over the entire country, from the Alps to the islands, dividing it into 16 districts, each under a Red Cross delegate. At the end of the war, the organization's staff numbered 949 US employees, along with approximately 1000 Italian workers. In all, more than 7000 cities, towns and villages were reached by Red Cross representatives. Its substantial donations of material aid went to soldiers, hospitals, refugees, orphans and needy families. The Italian campaign was second only to the French in terms of budget and range. Besides emergency work, it comprised long-term projects, such as the construction of a village for refugees near Pisa, nursing schools and strategies for the prevention of tuberculosis, which in effect became pilot projects for European reconstruction and civilian aid in general in peacetime.
La Asamblea Local de Cruz Roja Española de Elche inició su andadura con carácter formal en el mes de septiembre de 1909; el talante altruista de la “brigada de camilleros” y su vida económica, ...compuesta principalmente por cuotas de socios, subvenciones del ayuntamiento y celebraciones para recaudar fondos, así como los servicios prestados para toda la población, advierten de la existencia de cobertura sanitaria en un momento de valor singular, como es la dictadura de Miguel Primo de Rivera. Los principios que rigen la Asamblea son los mismos que propone el Comité Internacional de la Cruz Roja en 1921: caridad, universalidad, independencia e imparcialidad. Objetivo: identificar qué se conoce sobre los inicios de la Cruz Roja Española en la ciudad de Elche y la relación existente con sus principios: caridad, universalidad, independencia e imparcialidad. Método: se llevó a cabo una investigación histórica basada en la revisión bibliográfica. Fuentes documentales: catálogos documentales de bibliotecas y archivos documentales, bases de datos electrónicas, catálogos de revistas especializadas en historia y otras fuentes de red. Descriptores utilizados: Cruz Roja, Cruz Roja Española, Cruz Roja Local. Resultados: en el análisis se incluyeron documentos procedentes de estudios basados en fuentes primarias y los resultados se presentan en 4 apartados: Composición y vida económica, Celebraciones para recaudar fondos: la Fiesta de la Banderita, Acuerdos municipales y Servicios prestados. Conclusión: existe una clara relación de la labor desarrollada por la Asamblea de la Cruz Roja Española de Elche y los principios en los que se orienta, desarrollando cada uno de ellos en su vida cotidiana; así se deprende de los documentos analizados de la época tanto de comunicaciones y actas del ayuntamiento como de prensa histórica.
The International Review of the Red Cross (formerly the Bulletin Internationale des Sociétés de Secours aux Militaires Blessés) is celebrating its 150th anniversary in 2019, making it the oldest of ...the general publications produced by the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC). Originally created as a communication tool for the entire International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement, the Review rapidly changed its course to become first the primary mouthpiece of the ICRC for many years, and finally an academic journal. This article will retrace the history of this evolution, during which, under cover of humanitarianism, political factors played a significant role.
Eric Bywaters and Barbara Ansell were, without doubt, two of the giants in the field of Rheumatology. With their keen clinical observations and their visionary development of a dedicated ...multidisciplinary program focusing on diagnosis, treatment, and research, they are remembered as the founders of the modern specialty of Pediatric Rheumatology.
Perfluorooctanesulfonyl fluoride-based products have included surfactants, paper and packaging treatments, and surface protectants (e.g., for carpet, upholstery, textile). Depending on the specific ...functional derivatization or degree of polymerization, such products may degrade or metabolize, to an undetermined degree, to perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS), a stable and persistent end product that has the potential to bioaccumulate. In this investigation, a total of 645 adult donor serum samples from six American Red Cross blood collection centers were analyzed for PFOS and six other fluorochemicals using HPLC-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. PFOS concentrations ranged from the lower limit of quantitation of 4.1 ppb to 1656.0 ppb with a geometric mean of 34.9 ppb 95% confidence interval (CI), 33.3-36.5. The geometric mean was higher among males (37.8 ppb; 95% CI, 35.5-40.3) than among females (31.3 ppb; 95% CI, 30.0-34.3). No substantial difference was observed with age. The estimate of the 95% tolerance limit of PFOS was 88.5 ppb (upper limit of 95% CI, 100.0 ppb). The measures of central tendency for the other fluorochemicals (N-ethyl perfluorooctanesulfonamidoacetate, N-methyl perfluorooctanesulfonamidoacetate, perfluorooctanesulfonamidoacetate, perfluorooctanesulfonamide, perfluorooctanoate, and perfluorohexanesulfonate) were approximately an order of magnitude lower than PFOS. Because serum PFOS concentrations correlate with cumulative human exposure, this information can be useful for risk characterization.
The history of the rise of humanitarianism commonly begins with the founding of the Red Cross in 1863. Given that by the early 20th century the Japanese Red Cross Society (JRCS) had become the ...largest national Red Cross society in the world, the global history of the rise of humanitarianism cannot be written without incorporating the JRCS. Unlike existing histories of global humanitarianism that attribute its rise to the development of evangelical Christianity, Enlightenment values, imperialism, and capitalism, this essay argues that the birth of the Japanese Red Cross owes much to the Tokugawa medical ethic and practice of jinjutsu, "the art of compassionate healing," founded on the perceived universality of the principles of nature. Viewing humanitarianism as a truly global phenomenon with multiple intellectual sources and expressions, he uncovers the medical origins of humanitarianism in Tokugawa Japan through an examination of the influential Juntendo Medical School in the town of Sakura. Juntendo graduates bridged the humanitarian ethic of Tokugawa physicians with that of the JRCS. Through its reading of Japanese non-imperial encounters with Dutch medicine, he reflects upon the notion of "universality" as it relates to conceptions of humanity and humanitarianism.
In “Hiroshima in Iran: What Americans Really Think about Using Nuclear Weapons and Killing Noncombatants,” a pathbreaking survey of attitudes toward the laws of war published in the summer 2017 issue ...of
, Scott Sagan and Benjamin Valentino found that Americans are relatively insensitive to the targeting of civilian populations and to international norms and taboos against the use of nuclear weapons. We replicated a key question of this study, where respondents were asked if they would support saturation bombing an Iranian city to end a war. We also introduced some variations into the experiment to directly measure any potential influence of international norms and laws. Overall, our quantitative and qualitative findings are more optimistic than those of Sagan and Valentino's study: Americans do strongly believe it is wrong to target civilians. And in a real-life scenario such as this, a majority would likely oppose such a bombing. These findings suggest, however, that much depends on how survey questions are structured in measuring those preferences and whether legal or ethical considerations are part of any national conversation about war policy.
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