The early years of the Review, then called the Bulletin International des Societes de la Croix-Rouge, provide numerous insights into the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), which edited ...the journal. Since the ICRC was very small in those days and without support staff, one learns a great deal, especially about Gustave Moynier, who led the organization and carried out most of the editing duties at the Bulletin. The reader can trace the role of religious and other motivations, attitudes toward colonialism, the evolving nature of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement and the ICRC's place therein, and complex relations with States. This early era, as richly recorded in the journal, stimulates a number of questions about further research into ICRC and Red Cross history.
The overall purpose of this study was to initiate the process of developing a comprehensive theoretical framework associating the three entities defining the Swedish Red Cross University College ...(SRCUC): global nursing, global health and Red Cross and Red Crescent's perspective (RCRC). To do so, an analysis of nursing bachelor's theses over two periods (2011–2012 and 2015–2016) was initially needed to capture the academic essence. Two specific aims were defined: 1) To describe how global nursing and global health, in conjunction with the RCRC perspective, were addressed and contextualized in nursing bachelor's theses; and 2) To investigate how students’ knowledge in global awareness and vision has developed over time. Two overarching themes were identified: Conceptualizing caring relations and moving towards the body of global awareness and Understanding the art of nursing and ethics in complex nursing actions. The Standards for Reporting Qualitative Research (SRQR) guidelines were used to ensure the trustworthiness of the findings. By promoting relevant knowledge, the SRCUC prepares future nurses for upcoming health needs at the planetary level.
BACKGROUND
Platelets (PLTs) stored in PLT additive solution (PAS) are associated with fewer allergic reactions than plasma‐stored PLTs. However, earlier studies could not provide conclusive evidence ...on febrile reactions and did not analyze other transfusion reactions separately due to limited sample size. We therefore compared incidences of all transfusion reactions of PAS‐B‐PLTs, PAS‐C‐PLTs, and plasma‐PLTs.
STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS
In this observational study, all transfusion reactions reported to the national hemovigilance office of the Netherlands from 2006 to 2015 were included.
RESULTS
During the study period, a total of 2407 transfusion reactions after PLT transfusions were reported. In that period 553,267 pooled buffy coat–derived PLT units were issued, of which 83,884 were stored in PAS‐B, 45,728 in PAS‐C, and 423,655 in plasma. Regarding transfusion‐related circulatory overload, transfusion‐related acute lung injury, and “other reactions” no significant differences were observed between the PLT products. When PAS‐B‐PLT transfusions were compared to plasma‐PLT transfusions, the overall relative risk (RR; 95% confidence interval CI) of transfusion reactions was 0.99 (0.88‐1.11); for allergic and febrile nonhemolytic transfusion reactions (FNHTRs) it was 0.66 (0.55‐0.80) and 1.54 (1.27‐1.86), respectively. When PAS‐C‐PLTs were compared to plasma‐PLTs, the RR (95% CI) was 0.56 (0.46‐0.68) for all transfusion reactions, 0.38 (0.28‐0.52) for allergic reactions, and 0.82 (0.59‐1.13) for FNHTRs. When PAS‐C‐PLTs were compared to PAS‐B‐PLTs, for all reactions the RR (95% CI) was 0.56 (0.45‐0.70) for allergic reactions 0.58 (0.40‐0.82), and for FNHTRs 0.53 (0.37‐0.75).
CONCLUSIONS
PAS‐C‐PLTs are associated with fewer transfusion reactions compared to plasma‐PLTs and compared to PAS‐B‐PLTs.
Directors of American Red Cross (ARC) 1917-20 French civilian relief electively addressed and ignored France's First World War-triggered needs. ARC leaders' programmes during the organization's ...three-year period of active French service voluntarily embraced and discarded Francophile policies endorsed by their subordinates, their colleagues and their superiors. ARC wartime assistance allotments increasingly, and sometimes perplexingly, favoured US servicemen over French non-combatants. Post-War ARC aid allocations deliberately advanced embryonic Eastern European activity over enduring and extensive known and indefinite French privations. ARC executives even periodically proposed and imposed orders that made France and its people unwitting underwriters of the American Red Cross' focus on Eastern Europe, even as that process expressly reduced French civilian aid. Their self-confident, repeated and arbitrary conduct vis-à-vis Great War-afflicted French non-combatants advanced ARC purposes at Frenchmen's expense. It thus meets current definitions of 'arrogant' humanitarianism.
Biodiversity and nature are severely impacted by armed conflict, particularly those fought in biodiversity-rich environments. Whether harm is caused directly by bullets and bombs, through the seepage ...of toxic chemicals into rivers and soils, the ground-churning tracks of tanks, or the 'conservation vacuum' the result is often the same - severe, possibly permanent, ecological change. International humanitarian law (IHL) has consistently come up short in delivering environmental protection on the battlefield. Can international environmental law (IEL) fare any better? The International Law Commission (ILC) and the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) have both submitted major new guidelines in the last two years, following more than a decade of in-depth analysis of the IHL rules governing protection of the environment in relation to armed conflict. However, neither body was able to analyse the applicability of IEL obligations during armed conflict. Several authors have more recently entered this space, but none have so far undertaken a rule-by-rule analysis and spanning such a range of treaties. This article assesses the potential of the main biodiversity and nature conservation treaties to offer further environmental protection during armed conflict. Identifying complementary IEL obligations, particularly in relation to the conduct of hostilities, could be valuable to both mirror and reinforce IHL protections, and would ensure that IEL treaty bodies and third states have a basis upon which to promote conservation work with the parties to the conflict.
Medical aid returns to Tigray Devi, Sharmila
The Lancet (British edition),
02/2022, Letnik:
399, Številka:
10326
Journal Article
Recenzirano
The shipments include basic medic-ines, such as antibiotics and paediatric kits for treating moderate and severe acute malnutrition because there was increased food insecurity, the WHO said. The ...International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) resumed cargo flights on Jan 26, 2022, delivering supplies, including insulin, oxytocin, tetanus toxoid, gloves, and surgical material. Eduardo Soteras/AFP/Getty Images Amina Mohammed, the UN deputy secretary-general, told a press conference after a visit to northern Ethiopia on Feb 11, 2022, that it had been “heartbreaking” to witness the “social fabric of a part of that country so torn, and to witness the devastating effects that we have seen, with conflict and with drought”.
For the last few years, the increasing need for humanitarian support has led to increasing demand and responsibilities for the international humanitarian system. This trend raises questions regarding ...the use of alternative and complementary data sources and potential additional actors and communities that could be involved in support efforts and cover some of the tasks of humanitarian organizations. The article provides an overview of the Red Cross and Red Crescent movement, their practices and activities as well as current needs and challenges. The article illustrates the potential of OpenStreetMap and digital volunteers for humanitarian activities, with a particular focus on disaster risk reduction in the scope of the Missing Maps project. The background and objective of the collaborative project as well as its potential and impact for the Red Cross and Red Crescent movement are elucidated. The conclusion and outlook section presents future plans and visions to make further use of the potential of the Missing Maps approach in additional sectors and contexts.
This study explores the relevance of integrating mental health and psychosocial support (MHPSS) into physical rehabilitation services in conflict settings.
Symptoms of psychological distress and ...daily functioning of 132 physical rehabilitation service users in Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo were assessed before and after MHPSS. Logistical regression models were used to identify factors associated with these symptoms.
Prior to receiving MHPSS, "extreme" symptoms of depression were reported by 64% of the service users. Amputation predicted high levels of depression (aOR 5.12, p = 0.021), anxiety (aOR 7.09, p = 0.004) and stress (aOR 3.37, p = 0.035), while having witnessed violence predicted high symptoms of stress (aOR 3.65, p = 0.014). Lack of social support was associated with high symptoms of stress prior to MHPSS (aOR 3.17, p = 0.046) as well as a large reduction in symptoms of depression following MHPSS (aOR 3.91, p = 0.019). Most physical rehabilitation service users reported a reduction in symptoms of depression (100.00%), anxiety (98.03%) and stress (100.00%) along with improved functioning (81.13%) after MHPSS.
MHPSS needs of physical rehabilitation service users in conflict settings stem from the combined impact of disability and exposure to violence. MHPSS care, particularly the mobilization of peer support, appears necessary and relevant.
Implications for rehabilitation
In conflict settings, mental health and psychosocial support (MHPSS) needs of physical rehabilitation service users must address the combined impact of physical disability and exposure to violence.
Physical rehabilitation service users who lacked social support prior to receiving MHPSS were more likely to report a large reduction in symptoms of depression following MHPSS.
The study underlines the importance of social support, particularly peer support, in addressing MHPSS needs.
Champions of Charity Hutchinson, John
1996, 20180220, 2018-02-20, 1997-09-19
eBook
A character in an Evelyn Waugh novel once remarked, “There’s nothing wrong with war—except the fighting.” In Champions of Charity, John Hutchinson argues that while they set out with a vision to make ...war more humane, the world’s Red Cross organizations soon became enthusiastic promoters of militarism and sacrifice in time of war.
The mass armies of the nineteenth century were stalked by disease and slaughtered by ever more destructive weaponry, arousing the indignation and humanitarian concern of self-appointed battlefield Samaritans, who envisioned a neutral corps of volunteer nurses who would aid and comfort wounded soldiers, regardless of nationality. But the champions of charity soon became champions of war.
Florence Nightingale was among the few at the time to recognize the dangers lurking in the Red Cross vision. She refused to join and warned its founders that the governments of the world would cooperate with the Red Cross because “it would render war more easy.” She was right; starting in the late nineteenth century, armies simply used the Red Cross to efficiently recycle wounded men back into the front lines.
In World War I, national Red Cross societies became enthusiastic wartime propagandists. This was true in every combatant nation, and it is a transformation well portrayed by the fascinating selection of art in this book. Soon Red Cross personnel were even sporting military-style uniforms, and in the United States, the Red Cross became so identified with the war effort that an American citizen was convicted of treason for criticizing the Red Cross in time of war!
The Red Cross played an especially important role in encouraging the mass involvement of women in the “home front” for the first time. It did this through magazines, postcards, posters, bandage-rolling parties, and speeches that blended romantic images of humanitarianism and war into a unique brand of maternal militarism. A true pioneer in mass propaganda, the Red Cross taught millions that preparation for war was not just a patriotic duty but a normal and desirable social activity.
The Red Cross societies had proven their usefulness in mobilizing civilians in wartime, and most of their functions were taken over by government agencies by the time of World War II. Gradually the Red Cross became better known for its work in public health, disaster relief, and lifesaving classes. But the legacy of a darker past still lingers: the red cross on a white background found on army ambulances, or the unsubtle subtext of sacrifice and heroism in Red Cross television advertising.
It is a legacy the Red Cross itself has preferred not to acknowledge in its own self-congratulatory literature. For not only was the humanitarian impulse that inspired the creation of the Red Cross easily distorted, but this urge to militarize came from within its own ranks. This startling and provocative history of the Red Cross reminds us of the hidden dangers that sometimes come cloaked in the best of intentions.
Summary
This study aimed to describe the real-world efficacy and safety of the combination therapy of atezolizumab and bevacizumab (Atezo/Bev) for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). This ...retrospective analysis of a multicenter registry cohort included 268 patients treated with Atezo/Bev. The incidence of adverse events (AE) and its impact on overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) were analyzed. Of the 268 patients, 230 (85.8%) experienced AE. The median OS and PFS in the whole cohort were 462 and 239 days, respectively. The OS and PFS were not different in terms of AE, but they were significantly shorter in patients with increased bilirubin level and those with increased aspartate aminotransferase (AST) or alanine aminotransferase (ALT). Regarding increased bilirubin level, the hazard ratios (HRs) were 2.61 (95% confidence interval CI: 1.04–6.58,
P
= 0.042) and 2.85 (95% CI: 1.37–5.93,
P
= 0.005) for OS and PFS, respectively. Regarding increased AST or ALT, the HRs were 6.68 (95% CI: 3.22–13.84,
P
< 0.001) and 3.54 (95% CI: 1.83–6.86,
P
< 0.001) for OS and PFS, respectively. Contrarily, the OS was significantly longer in patients with proteinuria (HR: 0.46 95% CI: 0.23–0.92,
P
= 0.027). Multivariate analysis confirmed that proteinuria (HR: 0.53 95% CI: 0.25–0.98,
P
= 0.044) and increased AST or ALT (HR: 6.679 95% CI: 3.223–13.84,
P
= 0.003) were independent risk factors for a shorter OS. Furthermore, analysis limited to cases who completed at least 4 cycles confirmed that increased AST or ALT and proteinuria were negative and positive factors for OS, respectively. In the real-world setting, increased AST or ALT and bilirubin level during Atezo/Bev treatment were found to have a negative impact on PFS and OS, whereas proteinuria had a positive impact on OS.
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