The findings on the relationship between adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and outcomes in adulthood cover a wide subject area. In order to understand the results of ACE studies and plan adequate ...measures, the role of social work should not be disregarded. This paper studies the topic of ACEs, positive childhood experiences and the association with the subjective experience of poverty, which has rarely been addressed, but is relevant to social work. The research was based on simple and extended ACE questionnaires and was conducted amongst the adult population of Slovenia (n = 4939). The results found that adverse material position is associated with a higher amount of adverse and a lower amount of positive childhood experiences (on average, people with adverse material position have 3.43 ACEs and 7.77 positive experiences, while those with better material position have only 1.75 ACEs and 9.82 positive experiences). Social work needs to provide measures on a systemic level to improve the material position of families and to develop programmes based on the poverty aware paradigm to support partnership and interparental relationships in order to decrease the incidence of ACE. In addition, people need adequate support (e.g. trauma-informed care) when recovering from ACE and to enhance their resilience.
The role of education systems is crucial in creating bilingualism and multilingualism. Based on domestic and foreign literature and structured interviews with public officials in North Macedonia and ...Italy, the article analyses the solutions and incentives for institutional bilingualism, which have proven insufficient thus far. It also offers a model of multilingualism as a concept of an ideal environment where speakers can communicate using multiple languages. The impact of new information and communication technologies on language learning and use in bilingual areas and their contribution to the creation of an ideal environment conducive to multilingualism will also be examined. The data obtained shows, among other things, that artificial intelligence is also revolutionising language use and learning. Nonetheless, despite rapid progress, human communication in different languages cannot be replaced by artificial algorithms.
Social determinants of health: the indicators for measuring the impact of poverty on health Introduction: The link between poverty and health is an important research topic of national and ...international organisations, including the WHO, which has issued several important reports that proved the impact of social determinants on people's health, of which poverty was one of the most important. The aim of this article is to define the indicators of the social determinants of health, which is important for better planning and policy-making. Method: data was gathered through the comparative analysis of different sources of socioeconomic indicators, which are presented schematically, ranked in the structural field and analysed from the perspective of their impact on health. Results: Indicators are divided into ten different fields that present a socioeconomic determinant of health. The fields are: material deprivation (including income and other material items necessary for everyday living), followed by social capital, (un)employment, housing and homelessness, education and profession, living environment, health, crime and safety, accessibility and ethnicity. The table includes 100 indicators that are used in various states for planning and policy-making. The extent and diversity of the indicators shows the complexity of the social determinants of health, which are often overlooked or are insufficiently understood. Conclusion: Poverty is a structural problem with an important impact on health. Because living in poverty is a specific way of life, ways of tackling the problem of poverty are also specific. They have to include relations of power, the accessibility of resources and opportunities to escape from the poverty. Health plays an important role in that but it depends on the capabilities and readiness of the states to ensure this for all people regardless of their social status, material wealth or other circumstances. The list of indicators can contribute to achieving that goal. PUBLICATION ABSTRACT
V nekaterih postsocialističnih mestih je nastajanje neformalnih naselij pojav, povezan z valom urbanizacije v šestdesetih in sedemdesetih letih prejšnjega stoletja, v drugih pa s pritokom ...priseljencev in beguncev v devetdesetih letih. Območja neformalnih naselij nastajajo zaradi različnih dejavnikov: neustreznega prostorskega načrtovanja, zastarele in zapletene zakonodaje, ureditve javne uprave in stanovanjske politike, ki ne zagotavlja cenovno dostopnih stanovanj. Nezakonita gradnja na mestnih območjih, ki je pogosto posledica pomanjkanja jasno oblikovanega sistema lastninskih pravic in mestne revščine, je resen problem v mnogih mestih, kot so Tirana, Beograd, Tbilisi in Bukarešta. Članek predstavlja tipologijo neformalnih naselij v postsocialističnih mestih in obravnava ekonomske, socialne in okoljske probleme, povezane s tem pojavom. Različne vrste neformalnih naselij in njihov razvoj kažejo na zapletenost vprašanja in potrebo po oblikovanju raznolikih rešitev, ki bi upoštevale razmere danega okolja. Raziskava obravnava odzive politike povezane s tem, med njimi legalizacijo in vključevanje tovrstnih naselij v projekte urbanističnega načrtovanja, zagotavljanje osnovnih socialnovarstvenih storitev (na primer šole in zdravstveni domovi), izgradnjo tehnične infrastrukture (na primer varne ceste, omrežja javnega potniškega prometa, vodovod in kanalizacija) in programe preselitve v socialna stanovanja. Čeprav te rešitve spadajo v okvir različnih politik, je za njihovo učinkovito izvedbo potrebno veliko politične volje ter tudi finančna zavezanost osrednjih in lokalnih ustanov.
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