In the context of the present work methods are developed, which allow the statistical estimation of feasible ranges of functional tyre characteristics for any combination of rim and tyre dimension ...under different operating conditions. Therefore, measurement data regarding energy efficiency, driving dynamics and comfort are statistically analyzed and interpreted with regard to their physical root causes.
Herein, a new phenomenon of enhanced electrochemiluminescence (ECL) emission by restricting intramolecular motion in the 2D ultra-thin Zr12-adb (adb = 9,10-anthracene dibenzoate) metal-organic ...framework (MOF) nanoplate was discovered for the first time. The coordination immobilization of adb in porous ultra-thin Zr12-adb nanoplate endowed the Zr12-adb excellent ECL performance, including stronger ECL signal and higher ECL efficiency relative to those of H2adb monomers and H2adb aggregates. In the 2D Zr12-adb nanoplate, the bridging ligand adb was stretched and fixed between two Zr12 clusters, which restricted intramolecular rotations and suppressed unnecessary energy loss caused by self-rotation, thereby remarkably improved the ECL intensity and efficiency. More importantly, the porous ultra-thin structure of Zr12-adb MOF nanoplate not only allowed the coreactants to diffuse into the MOF interior, making both internal and external adb be excited, but also shortened the migration distance of electrons, ions, coreactants and coreactant intermediates, which further improved the ECL efficiency of Zr12-adb and overcame the shortcoming of H2adb aggregates in which the internal luminophores were not easily excited. Regarding the excellent ECL properties above, Zr12-adb nanoplate was selected as a new ECL emitter incorporated with the bipedal walking molecular machine together to fabricate a biosensor for sensitive detection of mucin 1. The enhanced ECL by restriction of intramolecular motions in MOFs provided a new pathway to improve ECL intensity and efficiency, which lighted up a lamp for the design and manufacture of high-performance ECL materials based on MOFs, thus offering new opportunities to develop ultrasensitive ECL biosensors.
This work proposed a new and efficient strategy to enhance ECL for the first time, named RIM by MOFs for ECL enhancement, which not only opened up a new horizon for exploring novel strategies to enhance ECL, but also expanded the application of MOFs in bioassays and provided an unprecedented idea to devise outstanding ECL emitters. Display omitted
•A new and efficient strategy was proposed for the first time to enhance ECL, named RIM by MOFs for ECL enhancement.•Zr12-adb nanoplates was synthesized as a bright ECL emitter to construct highly sensitive and selective ECL biosensors.•The developed ECL biosensor realized ultrasensitive detection for MUC1.
Both the timing and kinetics of neurotransmitter release depend on the positioning of clustered Ca2+ channels in active zones to docked synaptic vesicles on presynaptic plasma membranes. However, how ...active zones form is not known. Here, we show that RIM and RIM-BP, via specific multivalent bindings, form dynamic and condensed assemblies through liquid-liquid phase separation. Voltage-gated Ca2+ channels (VGCCs), via C-terminal-tail-mediated direct binding to both RIM and RIM-BP, can be enriched to the RIM and RIM-BP condensates. We further show that RIM and RIM-BP, together with VGCCs, form dense clusters on the supported lipid membrane bilayers via phase separation. Therefore, RIMs and RIM-BPs are plausible organizers of active zones, and the formation of RIM and RIM-BP condensates may cluster VGCCs into nano- or microdomains and position the clustered Ca2+ channels with Ca2+ sensors on docked vesicles for efficient and precise synaptic transmissions.
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•RIM and RIM-BP mixture forms liquid-liquid phase-separation-mediated condensates•Specific multivalent interaction between RIM and RIM-BP is essential for the LLPS•RIM and RIM-BP condensates cluster Ca2+ channels in solution and on membrane surface•RIM and RIM-BP are plausible organizers of presynaptic active zones
Clustering of Ca2+ channels at presynaptic active zones is critical for precise control of neurotransmitter release. Wu et al. show that the presynaptic active zone scaffold proteins RIM and RIM-BP form self-assembled condensates via liquid-liquid phase separations capable of clustering voltage-gated Ca2+ channels on lipid membrane bilayers.
The transportation of silicon (Si) by rivers to the sea plays a vital role as an external source of Si budget for coastal environments, impacting the carbon cycle in the ocean. Nevertheless, the ...transport of reactive silica (RSi) from small rivers to the coastal sea has been frequently disregarded in scientific investigations. This research focused on 24 rivers situated along the Bohai Sea (BS) Rim, encompassing small rivers (SR) and the largest river in the region, the Yellow River (YR), to analyze their concentrations and fluxes of dissolved silicate (DSi), biogenic silica (BSi) and other amorphous forms of Si. The findings indicated seasonal variations in DSi concentrations, with higher levels observed during the flood season. Annually, approximately 105 × 103 t DSi and 200 × 103 t BSi were transported to the BS, with SR and YR contributing equally to the total riverine BSi flux. The smaller rivers were found to increase the BSi fraction of RSi due to elevated biological fixation. The ratios of average DSi and BSi fluxes to the river watershed area of SR were 3.5 and 6 times higher, respectively, compared to those of YR. SR play a critical role in the terrestrial Si export in the BS Rim. Human activities have led to significant deviations in the Si ratios to nitrogen and phosphorus in these rivers from the Redfield-Brzezinski ratio. This discrepancy could impact the phytoplankton community, primary production, and the environment of the BS. The study highlights the substantial contribution of SR to coastal environments, particularly in semi-closed marine environments like the BS.
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•Biogenic silica was a significant component of reactive silica in rivers around the Bohai Sea.•High biogenic silica yields were observed from small rivers to the Bohai Sea.•The silicate-to-phosphate and ‑nitrogen ratios in rivers significantly deviated from the Redfield-Brzezinski ratio.
The impact of localized π-radicals on soot formation is explored by considering their electronic structure and computing their relative concentrations in flame conditions. Electronic structure ...calculations reveal that the presence of localized π-radicals on rim-based pentagonal rings is due to aromaticity. We further calculated a complete mechanism for the formation and elimination of the site from hydrogen additions and abstractions. A batch reactor with flame concentrations of H• and H2 was used to determine the time-dependent concentration of localized π-radicals. Low temperatures ( < 1000 K) favored the fully saturated rim-based pentagonal ring. Soot nucleation temperatures (1000–1500 K) give way to unsaturated rim-based pentagons being favored. Localized π-radicals on rim-based pentagonal rings are found to be in higher concentration than the aryl-type σ-radical on the rim-based pentagon (mole fractions of 10−6−10−7) in below < 1500 K, consistent with recent experimental observations. Higher temperatures favor the σ-radical and the concentration of the localized π-radical on rim-based pentagons becomes negligible. A kinetic Monte Carlo treatment of multiple sites indicates that multiple localized π-radicals are possible on a single molecule. These results reveal the importance of localized π-radicals on rim-based pentagonal rings for PAH chemistry leading to formation of soot nanoparticles in flames involving aromatic rim-linked hydrocarbons (ARLH).
•Modification of the balancer to the rim material condition measurement system.•Health of the rim: -new and good, -used and suitable for further use, -unusable.•Processing of vibration data using ANN ...as a rim material integrity classifier.•Comparison of AHC with SOM and MLP as classifiers for the examination of the rim.
Some vehicle damages can be related to the wheels' functional state, defined by rim and tire conditions. The technical condition of the rim is not simple to identify as it is related to the state of material structure. So far, little information has been presented about measurement systems and methods dedicated to rim technical condition identification that are acceptable by car service stations. Thus, the new measurement system and method are proposed in this paper. The identification process uses forced vibration spectra measurement and data processing with neural network use. For this purpose, the existing wheel balancer has been integrated with the computer coupled to a shaft actuator, vibration exciter, and accelerometer head. The developed software provides automation of measurement procedure and results classification, while the algorithm of data processing enables the proper detection of the three states of rim: new, used, and fit for further use, and not usable.
The morphologic features of the multiple atrial septal defects assessed by TTE‐based 3D imaging were similar to those by 3D‐TEE. TTE‐based 3D model had excellent visibility, allowing observation of ...3D structure of the rims of the defects. It may be useful method for assessment of the multiple atrial septal defects.