Environmental concerns are relatively recent. Ancient armies would have little or no concept that they caused environmental damage. Such armies were ‘eco-warriors’ nevertheless, but in the sense of ...against the ecosystem, not for it. An army’s success may result from marching on its stomach, but what those stomachs produced could also conduct environmental warfare. Surprisingly little has been published about ancient armies’ daily bodily waste – urine and faeces – or the environmental impact where they encamped. An encamping army would cause rapid local and increasingly extending environmental change and devastation. Woodland would be steadily consumed, water security a constant concern, disease from pollution a threat. Food supplies would be sucked into camps from nearby and increasingly further afield. As for a camp’s growing smell, an enemy’s nose would have been more than adequate to find their foe. Using the example of Roman armies in the succession of camps mainly associated with the 2nd century BC campaigns against the Celtiberian city of Numantia, Spain, eye-watering sewage statistics emerge for when an army encamped, and its general environmental impact.
A programme of archaeological trial trenching and excavation was undertaken by CFA Archaeology Ltd between Maryport (Alavna) Roman Fort and Netherhall Road on the north-eastern outskirts of Maryport ...from 2010 to 2016. The work confirmed the presence of a large sub-square ditched enclosure with two phases of construction, which is interpreted as a Romano-British rural farm site. It contained a variety of pottery deposited in its ditches, dating from the 1st to the 4th century CE. A linear feature, thought to be the line of a Roman road, did not produce definitive evidence of being a Roman road, but a Roman-period cremation cemetery was uncovered adjacent to it. One of the burials excavated held two pottery vessels of mid-3rd-century CE or slightly later date, one of which contained the cremated remains of an adult female along with other finds, while a second burial contained the cremated remains of a young child within a decorated Rhenish beaker.
Egypt under the Romans (30 BCE–3rd century CE) was a period when local deserts experienced an unprecedented flurry of activity. In the Eastern Desert, a marked increase in desert traffic came from ...imperial prospecting/quarrying activities and caravans transporting wares to and from the Red Sea ports. In the Western Desert, resilient camels slowly became primary beasts of burden in desert travel, enabling caravaneers to lengthen daily marching distances across previously inhospitable dunes. Desert road archaeology has used satellite imaging, landscape studies and network analysis to plot desert trail networks with greater accuracy; however, it is often difficult to date roadside installations and thus assess how these networks evolved in scope and density in reaction to climatic, social and technological change. Roads in the Deserts of Roman Egypt examines evidence for desert roads in Roman Egypt and assesses Roman influence on the road density in two select desert areas: the central and southern section of the Eastern Desert and the central Marmarican Plateau and discusses geographical and social factors influencing road use in the period, demonstrating that Roman overseers of these lands adapted remarkably well to local desert conditions, improving roads and developing the trail network. Crucially, the author reconceptualises desert trails as linear corridor structures that follow expedient routes in the desert landscape, passing through at least two functional nodes attracting human traffic, be those water sources, farmlands, mines/quarries, trade hubs, military installations or actual settlements. The ‘route of least resistance’ across the desert varied from period to period according to the available road infrastructure and beasts of burden employed. Roman administration in Egypt not only increased the density of local desert ‘node’ networks, but also facilitated internodal connections with camel caravans and transformed the Sahara by establishing new, or embellishing existing, nodes, effectively funnelling desert traffic into discernible corridors.Significantly, not all desert areas of Egypt are equally suited for anthropogenic development, but almost all have been optimised in one way or another, with road installations built for added comfort and safety of travellers. Accordingly, the study of how Romans successfully adapted to desert travel is of wider significance to the study of deserts and ongoing expansion due to global warming.
Early in the twentieth century a new character type emerged in the crime novels of American writers such as Dashiell Hammett and Raymond Chandler: the “hard-boiled” detective, most famously ...exemplified by Sam Spade in The Maltese Falcon. Unlike the analytical detectives of nineteenth-century fiction, such as Edgar Allan Poe’s Inspector Dupin, the new detectives encountered cases not as intricate logical puzzles but as stark challenges of manhood. In the stories of these characters and their criminal opposites, John T. Irwin explores the tension within ideas of American masculinity between subordination and independence and, for the man who becomes “his own boss,” the conflict between professional codes and personal desires. He shows how, within different works of hard-boiled fiction, the professional either overcomes the personal or is overcome by it, ending in ruinous relationships or in solitary integrity, and how within the genre all notions of manly independence are ultimately revealed to be illusions subordinate to fate itself.
Tracing the stylistic development of the genre, Irwin demonstrates the particular influence of the novel of manners, especially the writing of F. Scott Fitzgerald. He goes on to argue that, from the time of World War II, when hard-boiled fiction began to appear on the screen in film noir just as women entered the workforce in large numbers, many of its themes came to extend to female empowerment. Finally, he discusses how these themes persist in contemporary dramatic series on television, representing the conflicted lives of Americans into the twenty-first century.
The senses were functionally significant to all aspects of Roman life and played a central role in private and public events, from religious ceremonies to gladiatorial fights. However, to date, these ...studies primarily focus on archaeological sites from Italy. The scope of this Special Issue, however, was on the sensory implications of archaeological material from a region so far neglected by sensory studies: the ‘Roman North’ (including modern France, western Germany, Belgium, the Netherlands, Britain and immediately adjacent areas), from the earliest interactions with Roman civilization to Late Antiquity. The contributing authors to this Special Issue come from several different sectors but they all have something in common: they use Roman material from the north to tell stories about Roman lived experience.This editorial is a piece underscoring the present ‘state of the discipline’. At this stage, however, it would be very generous to designate the research theme as a ‘discipline’. We hope that this editorial and the excellent papers in this Special Issue contribute to addressing this disparity and will encourage others to explore these themes in their own work.
Cette étude permet de déceler par les unités analytiques du paratexte, certains traits idiosyncrasiques des sociétés romanesques cibles. Ils précisent l’arrière fond d’espace et de temps, permettent ...ainsi d’atteindre la socialité. Ces deux structures externes précisent la lutte de ces auteurs pour l’instauration de la vie des valeurs socio-politico-économiques pour le progrès de tous.
This book provides a definitive account of the history of the Roman calendar, offering new reconstructions of its development that demand serious revisions to previous accounts. Examines the critical ...stages of the technical, political, and religious history of the Roman calendar Provides a comprehensive historical and social contextualization of ancient calendars and chronicles Highlights the unique characteristics which are still visible in the most dominant modern global calendar.
On [ k ] -Roman domination in graphs Khalili, N.; Amjadi, J.; Chellali, M. ...
AKCE international journal of graphs and combinatorics,
09/2023, Letnik:
20, Številka:
3
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
AbstractFor an integer Formula: see text let f be a function that assigns labels from the set Formula: see text to the vertices of a simple graph Formula: see text. The active neighborhood AN(v) of a ...vertex Formula: see text with respect to f is the set of all neighbors of v that are assigned non-zero values under f. A Formula: see text-Roman dominating function (Formula: see text-RDF) is a function Formula: see text such that for every vertex Formula: see text with f(v) < k, we have Formula: see text. The weight of a Formula: see text-RDF is the sum of its function values over the whole set of vertices, and the Formula: see text-Roman domination number Formula: see text is the minimum weight of a Formula: see text-RDF on G. In this paper we determine various bounds on the Formula: see text-Roman domination number. In particular, we show that for any integer Formula: see text every connected graph G of order Formula: see text, satisfies Formula: see text and we characterize the graphs G attaining this bound. Moreover, we show that if T is a nontrivial tree, then Formula: see text for every integer Formula: see text and we characterize the trees attaining the lower bound. Finally, we prove the NP-completeness of the Formula: see text-Roman domination problem in bipartite and chordal graphs.
This volume, authored by outstanding papyrologists and historians of ancient medicine, deals with topics focused on the papyrological evidence of ancient medical texts and contexts. The first part ...contains some new reflections on important sources such as the Anonymus Londinensis and the Hippocratic corpus, the second part collects papers about the “doctors’ context”, and the final part is focused on the digitisation of the medical papyri.
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