This paper examines the evidence for climatic changes in the Eastern Mediterranean for the period 200–800 AD and offers hypotheses on the role of climatic fluctuations in the societal developments ...that occurred in this region at the end of Antiquity. The geographical focus of the paper includes Anatolia and the Levant, two major regions of the Eastern Roman Empire that are rich in environmental, historical and archaeological data. The paper starts with the review of current research on the economic, settlement and vegetation history of the Eastern Mediterranean in Late Antiquity, which provides the necessary framework for the study of potential climate impacts. The core of the article is devoted to the analysis of the palaeoclimatic evidence, which is divided in two groups. The first one encompasses the direct evidence, that is palaeoclimate proxies and the textual record of extreme weather events, while the second includes indirect information on climate, in particular multi-proxy studies that include pollen analysis, archaeological evidence, and the historical evidence of subsistence crises. We conclude that during our study period there occurred three periods of substantially different climatic conditions. A late Roman drought ∼350–470 AD was followed by a dramatic shift to much wetter climatic conditions. These in turn changed into increasing dryness after ∼730 AD in Anatolia and ∼670 AD in the Levant. The lack of chronological precision in the dating of the archaeological evidence and of some climatic records makes it impossible at present to make conclusive observations regarding the societal responses to these climatic fluctuations. Nonetheless in all probability, the extended and – in some areas - severe late Roman drought did not cause any major social upheaval or economic decline in Anatolia or the Levant, although it appears to have contributed to a change in patterns of water use in the cities. In contrast, the increased availability of moisture after ∼470 AD does appear to have contributed to the expansion of rural settlement and agriculture into environmentally marginal terrain, including semi-arid areas such as the Negev. In this way climate probably contributed to the general economic prosperity of the late Roman Empire in the east of the Mediterranean basin. The end of this late Roman world system came about finally in mid-7th c. and, at least in Anatolia, is not directly associated with any shift in climatic conditions. Aridity during early Medieval times may be one of the main factors behind the gradual long-term decline of settlement on the marginal lands in the Levant following Islamic conquest.
•We review different types of evidence for climate change in Anatolia and the Levant.•A drought (~350–470AD) contributed to local famines and a change in urban water use.•A wetter period after ~470 AD correlates with settlement expansion in arid lands.•Another drier phase occurred already after the crisis caused by the Arab invasions.•It contributed to the long-term settlement decline in some parts of the region.
Let G be a graph with vertex set V(G). A Roman dominating function (RDF) on a graph G is a function f:V(G)⟶{0,1,2} satisfying the condition that each vertex u with f(u)=0 has a neighbor v with ...f(v)=2. An Italian dominating function (IDF) is a function f:V(G)⟶{0,1,2} having the property that f(N(u))≥2 for every vertex u with f(u)=0, where N(u) is the neighborhood of u. If f is an RDF or an IDF on G, then let V0={v∈V(G):f(v)=0}. A restrained Roman (Italian) dominating function is an RDF (IDF) f having the property that the subgraph induced by V0 does not have an isolated vertex. A set {f1,f2,…,fd} of distinct restrained Roman (Italian) dominating functions on G with the property that ∑i=1dfi(v)≤2 for each v∈V(G) is called a restrained Roman (Italian) dominating family (of functions) on G. The maximum number of functions in a restrained Roman (Italian) dominating family on G is the restrained Roman (Italian) domatic number of G, denoted by drR(G) (drI(G)). We initiate the study of the restrained Roman (Italian) domatic numbers, and we present different sharp bounds on drR(G) and drI(G). In addition, we determine these parameters for some classes of graphs.
Environmental concerns are relatively recent. Ancient armies would have little or no concept that they caused environmental damage. Such armies were ‘eco-warriors’ nevertheless, but in the sense of ...against the ecosystem, not for it. An army’s success may result from marching on its stomach, but what those stomachs produced could also conduct environmental warfare. Surprisingly little has been published about ancient armies’ daily bodily waste – urine and faeces – or the environmental impact where they encamped. An encamping army would cause rapid local and increasingly extending environmental change and devastation. Woodland would be steadily consumed, water security a constant concern, disease from pollution a threat. Food supplies would be sucked into camps from nearby and increasingly further afield. As for a camp’s growing smell, an enemy’s nose would have been more than adequate to find their foe. Using the example of Roman armies in the succession of camps mainly associated with the 2nd century BC campaigns against the Celtiberian city of Numantia, Spain, eye-watering sewage statistics emerge for when an army encamped, and its general environmental impact.
A programme of archaeological trial trenching and excavation was undertaken by CFA Archaeology Ltd between Maryport (Alavna) Roman Fort and Netherhall Road on the north-eastern outskirts of Maryport ...from 2010 to 2016. The work confirmed the presence of a large sub-square ditched enclosure with two phases of construction, which is interpreted as a Romano-British rural farm site. It contained a variety of pottery deposited in its ditches, dating from the 1st to the 4th century CE. A linear feature, thought to be the line of a Roman road, did not produce definitive evidence of being a Roman road, but a Roman-period cremation cemetery was uncovered adjacent to it. One of the burials excavated held two pottery vessels of mid-3rd-century CE or slightly later date, one of which contained the cremated remains of an adult female along with other finds, while a second burial contained the cremated remains of a young child within a decorated Rhenish beaker.
Cette étude permet de déceler par les unités analytiques du paratexte, certains traits idiosyncrasiques des sociétés romanesques cibles. Ils précisent l’arrière fond d’espace et de temps, permettent ...ainsi d’atteindre la socialité. Ces deux structures externes précisent la lutte de ces auteurs pour l’instauration de la vie des valeurs socio-politico-économiques pour le progrès de tous.
The senses were functionally significant to all aspects of Roman life and played a central role in private and public events, from religious ceremonies to gladiatorial fights. However, to date, these ...studies primarily focus on archaeological sites from Italy. The scope of this Special Issue, however, was on the sensory implications of archaeological material from a region so far neglected by sensory studies: the ‘Roman North’ (including modern France, western Germany, Belgium, the Netherlands, Britain and immediately adjacent areas), from the earliest interactions with Roman civilization to Late Antiquity. The contributing authors to this Special Issue come from several different sectors but they all have something in common: they use Roman material from the north to tell stories about Roman lived experience.This editorial is a piece underscoring the present ‘state of the discipline’. At this stage, however, it would be very generous to designate the research theme as a ‘discipline’. We hope that this editorial and the excellent papers in this Special Issue contribute to addressing this disparity and will encourage others to explore these themes in their own work.
The oculist C. Cassius Philota developed his activity in the imperial court of Rome in the first century AD. The text of his epitaph provides interesting information that allows to compose a portrait ...of both this physician and his close family circle. In this way, I have examined his legal status and the circumstances that could benefit his access to the imperial palace. Moreover, the comparison of this epigraphical document with literary sources and other Roman inscriptions led me to evaluate the social dynamics played by physicians with ties to the imperial power during the Principate.
L’oculiste C. Cassius Philotes développa son activité à la cour impériale de Rome au Ier siècle de notre ère. Le texte de son épitaphe fournit d’intéressantes données qui permettent de composer un portrait de ce médecin et d’une partie de son cercle familial le plus proche, en traitant de questions telles que le statut juridique et les circonstances qui pourraient favoriser l’accès au palais impérial. Par ailleurs, la comparaison de ce document épigraphique avec des sources littéraires et avec d’autres inscriptions romaines a permis d’apprécier la dynamique sociale des médecins liés au pouvoir dans l’Empire romain.
El oculista C. Cassius Philota desarrolló su actividad en la corte imperial de Roma en el siglo i d. C. El texto de su epitafio aporta interesantes datos que permiten componer un retrato de este médico y de parte de su círculo familiar más cercano, atendiendo a cuestiones como el estatus jurídico y las circunstancias que pudieron beneficiar el acceso al palacio imperial. Además, el cotejo de este documento epigráfico con las fuentes literarias y con otras inscripciones de Roma nos ha permitido valorar las dinámicas sociales de los médicos relacionados con el poder en el Imperio romano.
Alonso Alonso María Ángeles. El oculista C. Cassius Philota y los médicos de corte en la Roma altoimperial. In: Dialogues d'histoire ancienne, vol. 47, n°2, 2021. pp. 251-276.
On [ k ] -Roman domination in graphs Khalili, N.; Amjadi, J.; Chellali, M. ...
AKCE international journal of graphs and combinatorics,
09/2023, Letnik:
20, Številka:
3
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
AbstractFor an integer Formula: see text let f be a function that assigns labels from the set Formula: see text to the vertices of a simple graph Formula: see text. The active neighborhood AN(v) of a ...vertex Formula: see text with respect to f is the set of all neighbors of v that are assigned non-zero values under f. A Formula: see text-Roman dominating function (Formula: see text-RDF) is a function Formula: see text such that for every vertex Formula: see text with f(v) < k, we have Formula: see text. The weight of a Formula: see text-RDF is the sum of its function values over the whole set of vertices, and the Formula: see text-Roman domination number Formula: see text is the minimum weight of a Formula: see text-RDF on G. In this paper we determine various bounds on the Formula: see text-Roman domination number. In particular, we show that for any integer Formula: see text every connected graph G of order Formula: see text, satisfies Formula: see text and we characterize the graphs G attaining this bound. Moreover, we show that if T is a nontrivial tree, then Formula: see text for every integer Formula: see text and we characterize the trees attaining the lower bound. Finally, we prove the NP-completeness of the Formula: see text-Roman domination problem in bipartite and chordal graphs.
Roman {2}-Bondage Number of a Graph Moradi, Ahmad; Mojdeh, Doost Ali; Sharifi, Omid
Discussiones Mathematicae. Graph Theory,
02/2020, Letnik:
40, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
For a given graph
=(
), a Roman {2}-dominating function
:
(
) → {0, 1, 2} has the property that for every vertex
with
) = 0, either
is adjacent to a vertex assigned 2 under
, or is adjacent to at ...least two vertices assigned 1 under
. The Roman {2}-domination number of
,
), is the minimum of Σ
) over all such functions. In this paper, we initiate the study of the problem of finding Roman {2}-bondage number of
. The Roman {2}-bondage number of
,
, is defined as the cardinality of a smallest edge set
⊆
for which
−
) >
). We first demonstrate complexity status of the problem by proving that the problem is NP-Hard. Then, we derive useful parametric as well as fixed upper bounds on the Roman {2}-bondage number of
. Specifically, it is known that the Roman bondage number of every planar graph does not exceed 15 (see S. Akbari, M. Khatirinejad and S. Qajar,
, Graphs Combin. 29 (2013) 327–331). We show that same bound will be preserved while computing the Roman {2}-bondage number of such graphs. The paper is then concluded by computing exact value of the parameter for some classes of graphs.
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