Prossegue-se no intuito de mostrar como a análise cuidada de uma epígrafe romana pode fornecer informações válidas do ponto de vista da vivência cultural nessa época. Se um texto escrito se ...destinava, então, ao público seu contemporâneo, um texto gravado visava o presente e o futuro. Utiliza-se como exemplo o uso, a partir do séc. III, nas dedicatórias imperiais da fórmula devotus numini maiestatique eius, «por devoção ao seu númen e majestade». Se, a princípio, constituiu ato de mera adulação, passou a ser uma devoção consagrada, que os novos tempos preconizavam. Um formulário que a Igreja Católica não hesitaria em adoptar.
Reply Anne Huijbers
Reti medievali rivista,
11/2023, Letnik:
24, Številka:
2
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
This essay responds briefly to contributions by Éloïse Adde-Michel Margue, Étienne Doublier and Giovanni Francesco Contel discussing the volume Emperors and imperial discourse in Italy.
Roman Imperial Portraits Dataset (ripd) Heijnen, Sam; Hekster, Olivier; Hermsen, Thijs
Research data journal for the humanities and social sciences,
06/2022, Letnik:
7, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Abstract
Portraits of the Roman emperors have been a focal point in the study of the ancient world. However, questions on how this medium developed over time and/or how perceptions of the emperor ...changed over more than four centuries of imperial rule, are constrained by the availability and accessibility of the material. This article introduces the Roman Imperial Portraits Dataset (ripd) to allow researchers to study the portraiture of Roman emperors through a more quantitative approach (Heijnen & Hekster, 2021). The dataset has systematically brought together more than 2,100 extant (i.e. published) portraits of the Roman emperors into a single dataset that can be used for further study. The article also introduces a web application with the aim to allow researchers and interested parties to work with the data(set) in an user-friendly manner.
Sassanid reliefs are somehow reflecting events that include part of the beliefs, wars and victory over enemies, family relationships and courtesy, hunting and getting diadem. In the meantime, the ...reliefs of victory, which created a very positive psychological aspect among the society and the people, have received more attention from the kings. There has been a lot of research on Sassanid reliefs so far and many researchers have studied various dimensions of these reliefs. In the meantime, the reliefs of Shapur I, whose victories over the three Roman empires, namely Gordian III, Philip and Valerian, have been depicted, will be analyzed and examined. Sassanid Shapur I defeated Gordianus at the Battle of Mesica in 244 B.C. The narrations have informed that this emperor was killed on the battlefield. After this event, Philip paid a heavy annual tribute to the court of the Sassanid king and asked to support him to sit on the throne until the end of the war. About 15 years later, another Roman emperor named Valerian campaigned Iran that he was also captured by Iranians in Mesica with 70,000 Roman soldiers. Shapur ordered to sculpt these victories in Darabgird, Bishabour and the Naqsh-e Rustam, symbolically on the heart of the rocks. Scholars, however, have almost no doubt about the attribution of the present people in Shapur's reliefs to the three Roman empires, but it seems that the third Shapur’s relief in Tang-e-Chogan reminds another kind of narrative. The body of Gordianus in two reliefs in Bishabour and the relief of Darabgard, is slightly different from the relief number 3 in Bishabour, which is severely eroded and damaged. Regarding the location of this relief in an unsuitable place and its lower quality with other Shapur reliefs, it seems that it was carved in a hurry. The reason may be the events that took place between 260 and 267. After the capture of Valerian, the Roman court made many efforts to free him but never succeeded. In the same years, Odaenathus, the Arab Amir of Palmyr, had been involved with the Iranian army several times and had succeeded in defeating, supported by the Romans. Odaenathus was titled August by the Roman court for his great victories and was publicly called emperor. The growing power of this Palmyrian’s Amir caused concerns within the Sassanid court. The vastness of his territory itself indicates the power of the Palmyrians during these years. But the sudden and mysterious death of Odaenathus by the hands of his son and wife Zenobia reinforces the conspiracy theory of the Iranian court with Odaenathus's wife and son to eliminate this Arab Amir. According to the body covering and makeup of the person’s face depicted under the foot of Shapur’s horse in the relief of number 1 of Bishabour and its difference with the reliefs in which Gordianus is depicted, it can be hypothesized that this role is a reflection of the events between 260 and 267. Shapur portrays this relief as a general victory over the Roman emperor and court for their conspiracy and evils and the overthrow and elimination of Odaenathus, who was supported by the Romans. In the present article, we have attempted to analyze and study the reliefs of the victory of Shapur III over the Roman emperors with a descriptive and an analytical method and comparing the reliefs along with the use of numismatics. This analysis along with historical narratives can give the viewer a better view to look at these reliefs.
Abstract
This article argues that the historical writings of the Venerable Bede (d. 735) can also be used by scholars examining the political history of the Eastern Roman Empire in the seventh and ...eighth centuries. Although Byzantinists have increasingly drawn upon texts written in Syriac, Arabic, and other eastern languages in their scholarship, sources composed in the post-Roman West have yet to be utilised to the same extent. Bede is particularly informative for the reigns of Phocas (602–10), Constans II (641–68), and Justinian II (685–95, 705–11), three emperors who were vilified in later Greek sources. By considering the near-contemporary perspectives preserved in Bede’s Ecclesiastical History and Chronicle alongside the eastern evidence, a more nuanced understanding can be reached for these emperors’ final years. Moreover, Bede’s unique reports strengthen the view that papal history should be integrated into studies of imperial politics. The papacy emerges as a loyal partisan of Phocas in 610 and an institution linked to the growing unrest against Constans in the 660s, while in the eighth century Bede recounted that Pope Constantine gave unheeded advice to Justinian prior to his downfall. In all three cases, Bede yields new insights into the ties that bound together Rome and Constantinople, further demonstrating the utility of Latin sources for reconstructing events in the Mediterranean, even at the end of Late Antiquity.
The aim of the article is an attempt to present a dichotomic image of the Roman ruler. It is concentrated on traditional features, understood as postulated in relation to person in power, such as ...justice, honesty, modesty and self-control. All of them belong to the canon of virtutes Romanae, and obedience toward them was characteristic of Roman society until the fall of Carthage. Along with its fall, the disappearance of true morality can be observed. The important turning point there is the reign of Augustus who, by undertaking the revival of old values, introduces a new order to the state. The article describes the rulers of the Julio-Claudian dynasty, and the emphasis is placed on a dualistic image of their behaviour (positive versus negative) presented in ancient texts by Tacitus, Suetonius, Velleius Paterculus and Florus.
The principal aim of this paper is to establish a Cultural Route Evaluation Model (CREM) to better assess the importance of cultural routes for tourism development taking into account both heritage ...values and economic impacts. This model is applied to ‘The trail of the Roman Emperors’ in Serbia. This application is based on two groups of values — the ‘main values’ namely scientific, route-specific, economic, and protection and conservation Values, and secondly additional values. It is found that not all values contribute equally to the final assessment score, but the CREM model and the related matrix visually highlight current and potential values of the trail, thereby permitting management to devise policies that would enable the trail to better achieve its purposes.
•The CREM model provides a multi-perspective view of the importance of cultural routes for tourism development.•This model emphasizes the fact that not all subindicators should have the same influence in the evaluation process.•The CREM matrix visually presents both the current state as well as the potential future state of the analyzed route.
The node centered by the volume deals with the political-cultural ties between the late medieval german emperors and the plural world of the Italian humanists. Particularly, conveying a double and ...corresponding line of exchanges between North and South of the Alps, the point was re-focused over emperor’s presence and their retinues in the peninsula as the fulcrum of this long-term exchange. Thus, new perspectives open up regarding spaces and men involved in this political experience. Regional spaces more in contact than others with the imperial presence and the collection of sources, on the basis of macro-areas in the wake of Peter Moraw’s scheme, are very useful tools to adapt our knowledge of the multiple links between emperors and Reichsitalien, not only in the 14th century and in the previous two centuries (12th-13th) but also for the crucial subsequent period (15th-16th) – considering the entire autumn of the Medieval Empire and, at the same time, the Renaissance – still relatively little focused on by the new research fields. In order to include these centuries as well, Moraw’s thesis should be proficiently reconsidered,
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