Ethylene production, quality attributes and aroma compounds were analysed to determine the maturity evolution of ‘Big Top’ nectarines and ‘Royal Glory’ peaches at harvest dates ranging from 89 to 116 ...days after full bloom (DAFB) for nectarines and from 85 to 112 DAFB for peaches. These cultivars are highly coloured even in the early stages of maturity. However, the two cultivars had different patterns of ethylene production, this being slower in nectarines than in peaches. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to provide partial visualisation of the complete data set in a reduced dimension plot. Separation of the two cultivars can be shown by means of a two-dimensional plot of the samples. Although only some aroma compounds are slightly correlated with quality parameters, when aroma volatiles were included in the PCA, the aroma compound set allowed both cultivars to be classified into three stages of maturity: immature, intermediate and fully mature. Compounds such as propanol, hexyl acetate, 2-methylpropyl acetate, limonene, butanol, (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate, buthyl acetate, linalool, ethanol, propyl acetate and ethyl acetate are the most important volatiles for ‘Big Top’ nectarines. It is suggested that the presence of these compounds can be used to indicate when the fruit should be harvested. The presence of γ-decalactone, δ-octalactone, γ-octalactone, ethyl butyrate, hexanal and (E)-2-hexenol can be used to indicate the harvesting maturity stage for ‘Royal Glory’ peaches. The optimum maturity date for harvest would be 105–107 DAFB for ‘Big Top’ nectarines and 93–95 DAFB for ‘Royal Glory’ peaches.
Islam was introduced to Kara-Khanids around the late 9th or early 10th century, and was designated as the state religion in 960. Therefore, “Kutadgu Bilig” written in 1068-1069 was completed about ...100 years after the Uyghurs began to believe in Islam. Therefore, if we recall the devoutness of Muslims who never miss their daily worship service five times a day, it is quite predictable that Islamic thought is embedded in “Kutadgu Bilig”. Moreover, the 11th century was a time when Islamic thought gradually penetrated deeper into the minds of intellectuals as Islamic power continued to strengthen, and its traces were also clearly visible in the field of academic creation. “Kutadgu Bilig” is the oldest existing literary work written in Turkic by a Turk who became a Muslim, and is known as a monumental work that announces the birth of Turkic Islamic culture. Therefore, this study explores the Islamic thought contained in “Kutadgu Bilig” to reveal why this work can become the first example of Turkic Islamic literature.
Sufism is a sect of Islam that tries to bring close to God by changing inner consciousness of humans through various methods such as fasting and praying all night long, repeated recitation of God's ...name, and spinning meditation dance, etc, unlike Sharia, or orthodox Islam, which seeks to return to heaven after death by complying with Islamic law. Supism is also called "Islamic Mysticism" because the process of approaching God and experiencing God's existence relies heavily on individual’s mystical experiences.
It is known in the first half of the 10th century that Islam spread to the current Xinjiang area of China. At that time, Satuk Bughra Khan (920~955 reign), the ruler of Karakhanid, was impressed by a prince from a neighboring country who was a Sufi Muslim and believed in Islam, and since then, several Sufi prominent figures have greatly influenced Karakhanid as spiritual teachers. And in the 11th century, as Islam spread throughout Karakhanid's society, Sufism had a wide range of influences on the all aspects of Karakhanid's local life.
‘Kutadgu Bilig’ is a long-length philosophical poem written by a Uyghur thinker named Yusuf Khas Hajib (born 1018 or 1019) in the old Uyghur language of Kashgar in Karakhanid between 1069 and 1070. In this work, four main characters appear: Richu(the king), Yueyuan(the prime minister), Xianming(the son of Yueyuan), and Juexing(a monk). They express their thoughts, beliefs, and values through speech according to their respective status and role.
There is a person who is drawing attention, that is a monk named Juexing. Unlike the other three who pursue secular life and values, Juexing is a monk who pursue a cloistered life. He goes away from the bustling world and pursuing a life of asceticism and being content with poverty in the mountains. This paper examines the idea of Supism contained in the ‘Kutadgu Bilig’ through comparison with orthodox Islamic ideas.
The Wisdom of Royal Glory (Kutadgu Bilig) is a Karakhanid work from the 11th century written by Yusuf Khass Hajib. Translated, the title means something like "The Wisdom which brings Happiness" or ..."The Wisdom that Conduces to Royal Glory or Fortune" or "Wisdom Which Brings Good Fortune". The text reflects the author's and his society's beliefs, feelings, and practices with regard to quite a few topics, and depicts interesting facets of various aspects of life in the Karakhanid empire. So the famous Chinese writer Lao she once pointed out that “it is not only the Uyghur’s precious heritage, is also a priceless art treasures of our country’s culture history.” This paper mainly discusses about the variety of religious thought, such as primitive belief(teng ge li worship, natural worship, animal worship, shamanism), Manichaeism, Buddhism, Islam, etc.
『Kutadgu Bilig(The Wisdom of Royal Glory)』 is a long-written narrative poem written in the ancient Uighur language from 1069 to 1070 by Yusuf Khass Hajib during the Karakhanid Dynasty. This poem is ...composed of more than 6,600 verses, and there are four figures in the poem: the king ‘Richu’ who symbolizes fairness and the law, the ‘Yueyuan’ who symbolizes fortune, ‘Xianming’ who symbolizes wisdom, and ‘Juexing’ who symbolizes satisfaction. Through the dialogue of these characters, the author expresses what the ideal country he wishes to be.
The Karakhanid Dynasty is located in the west of the Pamir Plateau, a geographically remote region from the Central China, and the Kashgar, where is written 『Kutadgu Bilig』 is now part of the Chinese province of Xinjiang, but it is also too far from the Central China. In the 11th century when 『Kutadgu Bilig』 was written, the psychological distance of people at that time would have been much more than the geographical distance felt by modern people due to the lack of traffic. Nevertheless, 『Kutadgu Bilig』 has many the Central China cultural colors in it. In this paper, we examine the specific aspects by subdividing them into the views of Confucian virtue ethics, Confucian politics, Confucian nature-human integration, and taoistic view of life. Finally, we consider the reasons why the Central China cultural factors appeared in this work.
The Wisdom of Royal Glory(Kutadgu Bilig) is a Karakhanid work from the 11th century written by Yusuf Khass Hajib. Translated, the title means something like "The Wisdom which brings Happiness" or ..."The Wisdom that Conduces to Royal Glory or Fortune" or "Wisdom Which Brings Good Fortune". The text reflects the author's and his society's beliefs, feelings, and practices with regard to quite a few topics, and depicts interesting facets of various aspects of life in the Karakhanid empire. So the famous Chinese writer Lao she(老舍) once pointed out that “it is not only the Uyghur’s precious heritage, is also a priceless art treasures of our country’s culture history.” This paper mainly discusses about the common thoughts of this work. The paper discusses the following five aspects: ethology, view of life(view of life, death, and happiness), view of knowledge and wisdom, legalistic thought, health thought.
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