In an era cross-cut with various agendas and expressions of national belonging and global awareness, "the nation" as a collective reference point and experienced entity stands at the center of ...complex identity struggles. This book explores how such struggles unfold in practice at a highly symbolic battlefield site in the Danish/German borderland.
Beaches are characterized by high morphodynamic activity, and high-frequency measurements are needed to understand their states and rates of change. Ideally, beach survey methods should be at once ...accurate, rapid and low-cost. Recently, unmanned aerial systems (drones) have been increasingly utilized to measure beach topography. In this paper, we present a review of the state of art in drones and photogrammetry for beach surveys and the respective achieved measurement quality (where reported). We then show how drones with a minimal configuration and a low-cost setup can meet the high accuracy and rapidity required for beach surveys. To test a minimal drone and ground control point configuration, we used consumer-grade equipment to perform the same flight path with different cameras and at different altitudes. We then used photogrammetry to produce digital elevation models of the beach. Using a GNSS-RTK system, we collected 2950 independent control points to evaluate the accuracy of the digital elevation models. Results show that, once a few potential sources of uncertainties in the final digital elevation model are taken into account, the average RMSE(z) of the digital elevation models was ~5 cm, with a survey efficiency of ca. 3 m
2
min
−1
. Digital elevation models taken at different times were used to calculate the before–after sediment budget following a storm that hit a sandy coast in Sylt Island at the German North Sea coast.
This overview of holdings is an inventory to mark the 150th anniversary of the Landesarchiv Schleswig-Holstein, which was founded in 1870 as the Prussian Staatsarchiv Schleswig. This overview is the ...first printed overview that contains explanations of all individual holdings and thus facilitates orientation for the users of the Landesarchiv. Reading and leafing through the book, one can get an impression of the local records on regional history and discover many things that have not yet been researched. The book guides the reader through the extensive holdings in a compact and clear manner - if one were to put all the documents in one row, it would result in a distance of about fifty thousand linear metres.
Vertical accretion in estuarine marshes depends on rates of sediment deposition and is a complex function of different interacting variables. In times of climate change and associated sea-level rise, ...knowledge about the relation between these variables and sediment deposition and accretion rates is gaining high importance. Therefore, we studied spatial and temporal variation in short-term sediment deposition rates and its possible predictors in three marsh types along an estuarine salinity gradient. Between March 2010 and March 2011, bi-weekly sediment deposition was quantified along three transects, reflecting the variability in elevation (low to high marsh) and distance to the sediment source, in each of one tidal freshwater, brackish, and salt marsh at the Elbe Estuary (Germany). Simultaneously, water-level fluctuations and suspended sediment concentration (SSC) were recorded, and aboveground plant biomass was sampled once in late summer and once by the end of winter, respectively. Annual sediment deposition (17.5 ± 4.0 kg m⁻²) and calculated accretion rates (20.3 ± 4.7 mm year⁻¹) were highest in the brackish low marsh and were between 51 and 71 % lower in the low tidal freshwater and the salt marsh, respectively. Highest SSC and longest inundations were found during fall and winter. Flooding duration and frequency were higher in the tidal freshwater than in the brackish and the salt marsh. Aboveground, plant biomass of the regularly flooded vegetation stratum (0–50 cm above soil surface) did not differ between marsh types, but the spatial pattern changed between late summer and early spring. In all three marsh types, decreasing sediment deposition rates with increasing distances from the sedimentation source were recorded. The applied multiple regression models were able to explain 74, 79, and 71 % of variation in sediment deposition patterns in tidal freshwater, brackish, and salt marshes, respectively. SSC was the most important model predictor variable. Our results emphasize the importance of considering spatial and temporal variations in sediment deposition rates and its predictors. According to our findings, sediment deposition rates in the investigated tidal low marshes of the Elbe Estuary seem to be sufficient to compensate moderate rates of sea-level rise. Contrastingly, high salt marshes might be vulnerable due to insufficient input of sediment and might regress into low marshes, partly.
•A multi-metric evaluation framework for model calibration and diagnostic analysis.•Five segments of flow duration curve to improve representation of different flow phases.•Accurate reproduction of ...flow phases with two low flow signature metrics.
Hydrological models have to be calibrated accurately to provide reasonable model results. For a concise model evaluation, the different phases of the hydrograph have to be considered in multi-metric frameworks with appropriate performance metrics. Low and high flows need to be reproduced simultaneously without neglecting the other phases of the hydrograph.
In this paper, we highlight the relevance of very low and low flows with separate performance metrics. We present a multi-metric evaluation framework to identify calibration runs, which represent the different phases of the hydrograph precisely. A stepwise evaluation was done with commonly used statistical performance metrics (Nash–Sutcliffe, percent bias) and signature metrics, which are based on the flow duration curve (FDC). In order to consider a fairly balanced evaluation between high and low flow phases, we divided the flow duration curve into segments of high, medium and low flow phases, and additionally into very high and very low flow phases. The model performance in these segments was evaluated separately with the root mean square error (RMSE).
Our results show that this evaluation method leads to an improved selection of good calibration runs to enhance the overall model performance by the refined segmentation of FDC. By combining performance metrics for high flow conditions with low flow conditions, this study demonstrates the challenge of calibrating a model with a satisfactory performance in high and low phases simultaneously. Consequently, we conclude that an additional performance metric for very low flows should be included in model analyzes to improve the overall performance in all phases of the hydrograph.
When dealing with the northern boundary of Neanderthals (Homo neanderthalensis) and the question of whether or not they dispersed into Southern Scandinavia, two contradictory hypotheses can be ...identified. The first, and also the most widely endorsed, hereafter, hypothesis A, argues primarily that Neanderthals did not occupy regions above 55°N because of 1) climatic constraints and 2) dispersal barriers. The second, hypothesis B, argues that they possibly occasionally dispersed above 55°N, but that factors such as 1) research- and/or 2) taphonomic bias are responsible for their archaeological invisibility. Here, we report an evaluation of these competing hypotheses. To this end, we reconstruct the environment for the time period and region of interest (the Last Interglacial Complex and Northern Germany and Southern Scandinavia), based on three lines of evidence: palaeoenvironmental reconstruction combined with a novel habitat modelling approach, a review of relevant archaeological localities, and a discussion of the possible impacts of both research biases and the taphonomic effects on the archaeological data. We focus particularly on the climatic and geological explanatory factors relevant to the two hypotheses. Our results are inconsistent with the claim that climatic constraint and/or a lack of suitable habitats can fully explain the absence of Neanderthals in Southern Scandinavia during the Eemian Interglacial and Early Weichselian Glaciation. We do, however, find evidence that a geographic barrier may have impeded northerly migrations during the Eemian. The evidence reviewed here suggests that both research bias and taphonomy – consistent with hypothesis B – could account for the archaeological invisibility of Neanderthals in Southern Scandinavia, highlighting the need for further strategic survey and/or excavation efforts in the region.
This paper presents radon flux profiles from four regions in Schleswig–Holstein (Northern Germany). Three of these regions are located over deep-rooted tectonic faults or salt diapirs and one is in ...an area without any tectonic or halokinetic activity, but with steep topography. Contrary to recently published studies on spatial patterns of soil radon gas concentration we measured flux of radon from soil into the atmosphere. All radon devices of each profile were deployed simultaneously to avoid inconsistencies due to strong diurnal variations of radon exhalation. To compare data from different seasons, values had to be normalized. Observed radon flux patterns are apparently related to the mineralogical composition of the Quaternary strata (particularly to the abundance of reddish granite and porphyry), and its grain size (with a flux maximum in well-sorted sand/silt). Minimum radon flux occurs above non-permeable, clay-rich soil layers. Small amounts of water content in the pore space increase radon flux, whereas excessive water content lessens it. Peak flux values, however, are observed over a deep-rooted fault system on the eastern side of Lake Plön, i.e., at the boundary of the Eastholstein Platform and the Eastholstein Trough. Furthermore, high radon flux values are observed in two regions associated with salt diapirism and near-surface halokinetic faults. These regions show frequent local radon flux maxima, which indicate that the uppermost strata above salt diapirs are very inhomogeneous. Deep-rooted increased permeability (effective radon flux depth) or just the boundaries between permeable and impermeable strata appear to concentrate radon flux. In summary, our radon flux profiles are in accordance with the published evidence of low radon concentrations in the “normal” soils of Schleswig–Holstein. However, very high values of radon flux are likely to occur at distinct locations near salt diapirism at depth, boundaries between permeable and impermeable strata, and finally at the tectonically active flanks of the North German Basin.
Energiewende (energy transition) has become a worldwide critical challenge. Unlike extensive literature that explains Germany's energy transition focusing on federal actors, this study analyzes the ...role of Schleswig‐Holstein in federal wind energy policy‐making. Schleswig‐Holstein was an economically poor state governed by the Christian Democratic Union from 1950 to 1988 and supported nuclear energy in the late 1970s and early 1980s. By integrating the notions of “leaders,” “pioneers,” and “entrepreneurs,” and exploring the relationship between these change agents and “followers,” this study elucidates a nuanced classification of actors. An examination of proceedings of the federal assembly, the second chamber, and the Schleswig‐Holstein state parliament revealed that Schleswig‐Holstein changed its role from a potential veto‐coalition player in the 1970s to a constructive pusher of repowering older windmills in the 2009 Renewable Energy Act revision. This study also highlights that leaders, pioneers, and entrepreneurs do not necessarily overlap and do capture different change agents.
摘要
能源转型(Energiewende)已成为全球重大挑战。大量文献从联邦行动者的角度解释了德国的能源转型，与此不同的是，本研究分析了石勒苏益格‐荷尔斯泰因州在联邦风能决策中的作用。石勒苏益格‐荷尔斯泰因州曾是一个经济贫穷的州，在1950年至1988年间由德国基督教民主联盟治理，并在20世纪70年代末和80年代初支持过核能。通过整合“领导者”、“先驱者”和“企业家”的概念，并探究这些变革推动者和“追随者”之间的关系，本研究阐明了行动者的细微分类。对联邦大会、联邦参议院和石勒苏益格‐荷尔斯泰因州议会的会议记录进行分析后表明，该州从20世纪70年代的潜在否决联盟参与者这一角色转变为2009年《可再生能源法》修订案中关于为旧风电厂提供动力一事的建设性推动者。本研究还强调，领导者、先驱者和企业家不一定出现重叠，并且能赢得不同的变革推动者。
Resumen
La Energiewende (transición energética) se ha convertido en un desafío crítico a nivel mundial. A diferencia de la extensa literatura que explica la transición energética de Alemania centrándose en los actores federales, este estudio analiza el papel de Schleswig‐Holstein en la formulación de políticas federales de energía eólica. Schleswig‐Holstein fue un estado económicamente pobre gobernado por la Unión Demócrata Cristiana de 1950 a 1988 y apoyó la energía nuclear a fines de la década de 1970 y principios de la de 1980. Al integrar las nociones de “líderes”, “pioneros” y “emprendedores”, y al explorar la relación entre estos agentes de cambio y los “seguidores”, este estudio aclara una clasificación matizada de actores. Un examen de los procedimientos de la asamblea federal, la segunda cámara y el parlamento estatal de Schleswig‐Holstein reveló que Schleswig‐Holstein cambió su papel de un jugador potencial de la coalición con veto en la década de 1970 a un impulsor constructivo de repotenciar los molinos de viento más antiguos en el 2009 Renovable Revisión de la Ley de Energía. Este estudio también destaca que los líderes, pioneros y emprendedores no necesariamente se superponen y capturan diferentes agentes de cambio.
Stocks and fluxes of soil inorganic carbon have long been ignored in the context of coastal carbon sequestration, and their implications for the climate cooling effect of blue carbon ecosystems are ...complex. Here, we investigate the role of soil inorganic carbon in five salt marshes along the northern coast of the European Wadden Sea, one of the world's largest intertidal areas, harboring ~ 20% of European salt‐marsh area. We demonstrate a substantial contribution of inorganic carbon (average: 29%; range: 7–57%) to the total soil carbon stock of the top 1 m. Notably, inorganic exceeded organic carbon stocks in one of the studied sites; a finding that we ascribe to site geomorphic features, such as proximity to marine calcium carbonate sources and hydrodynamic exposure. Contrary to our hypothesis that inorganic carbon stocks would decline along the successional gradient from tidal flat to high marsh, as carbonate deposits would progressively dissolve in increasingly organic‐rich rooted sediments, our findings demonstrate the opposite pattern—an increase in inorganic carbon stocks along the successional gradient. This suggests that the dissolution of calcium carbonates in the root zone is counterbalanced by other processes, such as trapping of sedimentary carbonates by marsh vegetation and calcium carbonate precipitation in anaerobic subsoils. In the context of blue carbon, it will be critical to develop an improved understanding of these plant‐ and microbiota‐mediated processes in calcium carbonate cycling.
During the Reichspogromnacht between November 9th and 10th, 1938, in Germany and Austria 1400 synagogues and other Jewish institutions as well as thousands of Jewish homes and shops were destroyed. ...More than 30.000 men were deported, and at least 100 killed.This pogrom, frequently referred to as ,,Reichskristallnacht, marked the beginning of political and economic persecution of Jews in Nazi Germany, and an increasingly brutal treatment of the Jewish minority, thus paving the way for the Holocaust.With regards to the 75th annual recurrence of the Reichspogromnacht, the Landesarchiv Schleswig-Holstein in 2013 presented an exhibition centered around the events of that night in Northern Germany. This exhibition was prepared in close cooperation with the University of Flensburg and the Landeszentrale für politische Bildung Schleswig-Holstein. It was accompanied by a series of lectures that are included in this book as well as some of the illustrations displayed."
PDF
