Contamination of cereal crops and their products could be a result of inappropriate cultivation techniques as well as disregarding usual agro-technical measures like the seed treatment with ...fungicides. The aim of the study was to determine the impact of pre-sowing seed treatment on wheat seed infection and contamination of produced grains from the field trial at the Biotechnical faculty (BF) and contamination of crop samples from Slovene farms with conventional and organic type of production. In our laboratory we performed grain incubation on agar with various disinfectants before sowing the grain on the field. We found that seed treatment with fungicides Maxim 050 FS and Vitavax 200-FF had significantly improved the health status (2% infected grains) compared to untreated processed seed (25% infected grains). The effectiveness of both tested fungicides was significantly better (2% infected grains) compared to the Agrostemin and Fitolife preparations, which are allowed in organic farming (15% infected grains). Compared to the untreated seed, treating the seeds with both fungicides and the Agrostemin preparation reduced visible ear contamination with fusariosis during the time of dough maturity. With incubation of grain from our field experiment with different seed treatments, the positive effect of fungicides on the health status of grain yield was confirmed (27% infected grains), compared to sowing of seed that was not treated with disinfectants (34% infected grains). When compared to the control group a positive effect of wheat seed treatment with disinfectants used in organic farming was determined. Furthermore, seed treatment with fungicides had a greater influence on improving the health status of produced grain, compared to the above mentioned preparations allowed in organic farming (29% infected grains). The effect of seed treatment on the health status of the grain was the greatest when using the Vitavax 200-FF fungicide. The percentage of infected grains in laboratory incubation of produced wheat grain on agar, sampled from eight Slovenian farms, ranged from 1.5 to 19.5%. Contamination of sampled grain from organic production (7% infected grains) was comparable with infection of grain from the conventional farming (8.4% infected grains), where the infection ranged from 1.5% to 19.5%.
Onesnaženja pridelkov in izdelkov žit so lahko posledica slabe pridelovalne prakse, zlasti neupoštevanja običajnih agrotehničnih ukrepov, med katerimi je razkuževanje semena. Namen raziskave je bil ugotoviti vpliv razkuževanja semena na okuženost semena pšenice pred setvijo in pridelka zrnja iz poljskega poskusa Biotehniške fakultete (BF) ter okuženost vzorcev pridelanega zrnja iz konvencionalne in ekološke pridelave. Pri laboratorijski inkubaciji zrnja na agarju pred setvijo poljskega poskusa na BF z različnimi razkužili smo ugotovili, da tretiranje semena s fungicidoma Maxim 050 FS in Vitavax 200-FF (2 % okuženih zrn) pomembno izboljša zdravstveno stanje v primerjavi z nerazkuženim dodelanim semenom (25 % okuženih zrn). Delovanje obeh fungicidnih pripravkov je bilo statistično značilno boljše (2 % okuženih zrn) od pripravkov Agrostemin in Fitolife, ki sta dovoljena v ekološkem kmetijstvu (15 % okuženih zrn). Razkuževanje semena s fungicidoma in pripravkom Agrostemin je v primerjavi z nerazkuženim semenom zmanjšalo vidne okužbe klasov s fuzariozami v času voščene zrelosti. Pri inkubaciji pridelka zrnja iz poljskega poskusa z različnimi razkužili smo potrdili pozitiven vpliv tretiranja semena s fungicidoma na zdravstveno stanje pridelanega zrnja (27 % okuženih zrn) v primerjavi s setvijo nerazkuženega semena (34 % okuženih zrn). V primerjavi s kontrolo je bil ugotovljen pozitiven vpliv razkuževanja semena pšenice s pripravkoma, ki ju lahko uporabljajo tudi ekološki kmetje. Razkuževanje s fungicidoma je imelo večji vpliv na boljše zdravstveno stanje pridelanega zrnja kot pripravka dovoljena v ekološkem kmetijstvu (29 % okuženih zrn). Vpliv razkuževanja na zdravstveno stanje pridelanega zrnja je bil največji pri fungicidu Vitavax 200-FF. Pri laboratorijski inkubaciji pridelka zrnja pšenice na agarju z osmih slovenskih kmetij smo ugotovili, da je bila okuženost vzorcev pridelanega zrnja iz ekološke pridelave (7 % okuženih zrn) na ravni vzorcev iz konvencionalne pridelave (8,4 % okuženih zrn), pri katerih pa je bil razpon okuženosti od 1,5 % do 19,5 %.
The most common form of the Brassica napus L. is oilseed rape. Because of its physical characteristics the seed is very mobile and therefore disposed to spillage. Uncontrolled seed loss represents ...the potential for the appearance of volunteer and feral populations of B. napus inside and outside production areas; B. napus seed remains viable in the soil for several years. The appearance dynamics of these plants is dependent on the soil seed bank potential and complex interactive characteristics of the genotype seeds and soil and agro-climatic factors. The presence of undefined pollinating resources originated from soil seed bank in the nature presents the potential for spontaneous intra- and inter-species pollination of B. napus reflected also in its genetic structure.
A field experiment was conducted at Rice Research Station, Tonekabon, Iran, to determine the effect of N rate on seed yield, protein and oil content of two canola (Brassica napus L.) cultivars. Two ...canola cultivars ('Hayola-308' and 'RGS- 003') and five N rates (0, 50, 100, 150, and 200 kg ha-1), organized into a randomized complete block design with a factorial treatment arrangement and three blocks, were applied to plot areas. Results showed that N rate effect was significant (P < 0.01) for seed yield, protein content and yield, and oil yield but not for oil content. On the other hand, cultivar had only significant (P < 0.01) effect on seed protein and oil content. Moreover, the interaction between N rate and cultivar was significant at P < 0.01 for seed, protein and oil yield, illustrating that cultivars showed different responses to N rates for these traits. In general, the quadratic equation provided a good description of the relationship between seed, protein and oil yield and nitrogen rate. For 'Hayola-308', seed, protein and oil yield increased significantly as N application rate increased from 0 to 150 kg ha-1, but thereafter remained constant. In contrast, for 'RGS-003', seed, protein and oil yield increased significantly as N application rate increased from 0 to 200 kg ha-1. Therefore, at the highest N application rate (200 kg ha-1), 'RGS-003' produced greater seed, protein and oil yield than 'Hayola-308'. Averaged across N application rate, the seed protein content of RGS-003 was significantly (P < 0.01) higher than that of 'Hayola-308', while the opposite result was observed for seed oil content. This study demonstrated the differential response of two canola cultivars to N rate in terms of seed, protein and oil yield.
Inhalation of pollen belonging to the species of Ambrosia may cause hypersensitivity reactions. Feed for wild birds is one of the factors that contribute to the spread of these plants. For this ...reason an amendment to the Directive on undesirable substances in animal feed (2002/32/EC) was added, in 2010 stating that animal feed made of unground cereals can contain up to 50 mg of Ambrosia spp. seeds per kilogram (UL L 290/54). Due to the lack of data, 40 samples of feed for wild birds were examined with a microscopic method. Ambrosia spp. seeds were found in 20 samples (50%). The number of seeds was from 2 to 146 (10 mg to 774 mg). In accordance with the legislation, results were expressed relative to a feed with the moisture content of 12%. Five samples (12.5%) exceeded the permitted value.
In the period 2003-2006 we have performed block trials with two flax (Linum usitatissimum) cultivars: RBK cultivar (domestic flax population from Raztresen farm in Bela Krajina) and Laura cultivar ...(fibre-type-flax from the Common Catalogue of EU). The trial was carried out at the Experimental Field at the Biotechnical Faculty of Ljubljana (Slovenia). The two cultivars were sown in the first decade of April with manual sowing machine to the row spacing of 8.5 cm, 17 cm and 34 cm. Crop care was traditional. The plants were plucked at the end of the yellow maturity (the last decade of July). There was no significant difference between the average yields of stems produced at the row spacing of 8.5 cm (1.92 t/ha) and 17 cm (1.99 t/ha), but significantly the lowest yield was reached at the row spacing of 34 cm (1.52 t/ha). In the period of 4 years the average yield of stems that was reached by the RBK cultivar was 1.83 t/ha, and the one reached by the Laura cultivar was unsignificantly lower (1.79 t/ha). Compared to the average yield of the flaxseed from both cultivars produced at the row spacing of 8.5 cm (1.34 t/ha) and 34 cm (1.01 t/ha), the average yield of the seeds obtained from the 17 cm row spacing was significantly the highest (1.52 t/ha); for 0.11 t seed/ha the RBK cultivar (1.35 t/ha) was significntly more productive than the Laura cultivar. The influence of growing conditions to the yield of stems and seed was most favourable in the year of the drought (2003), when - with the cultivar RBK and at the row spacing of 17 cm - we produced significantly the highest quantity of stems (2.64 t/ha) and seeds (1.93 t/ha). We discovered that the unbranched stem of the RBK cultivar corresponds to the fibre-type-flax, the hight of plants (50 to 60 cm), absolute mass (6.3 to 6.8 g) and the yield of the seed (above 1 t/ha) show good biological capability for the seed production. Production and processing of flax should not remain just an attractive cultural and historical presentation of this activity at some turist farms in Bela Krajina (JV of Slovenia); it should also present a challenge to young farmers to find the place for this crop in organic production of food and other raw materials with the use of mechanisation and modern technological procedures. The production and processing of flax presents the possibility for increased biotic diversity of the cultural landscape and revitalization of rural areas.
Na poskusnem polju Biotehniške fakultete v Ljubljani (Slovenija) so bili v obdobju 2003-2006 izvedeni bločni poljski poskusi s kultivarjema lanu (Linum usitatissimum L.) RBK (domača populacija lanu s kmetije Raztresen v Beli Krajini) in Laura (vlaknati tip lanu iz Skupnega kataloga kultivarjev poljščin EU). Lan je bil v vseh letih posejan v prvi dekadi aprila z ročno sejalnico na medvrstni razmik 8,5 cm, 17 cm in 34 cm. Oskrba posevka je bila tradicionalna. Rastline smo populili konec rumene zrelosti (zadnja dekada julija). Med povprečnima pridelkoma stebel pri razmiku 8,5 cm (1,92 t/ha) in 17 cm (1,99 t/ha) ni bilo značilnih razlik, značilno najmanjši pridelek stebel pa je lan dosegel pri razmiku 34 cm (1,52 t/ha). Povprečni pridelek stebel v obdobju 4 let je pri kultivarju RBK znašal 1,83 t/ha, pri kultivarju Laura pa je bil neznačilno manjši, to je 1,79 t/ha. V primerjavi s povprečnim pridelkom semena obeh kultivarjev pri razmiku 8,5 cm (1,34 t/ha) in 34 cm (1,01 t/ha), je bil povprečni pridelek semena pri razmiku 17 cm značilno največji (1,52 t/ha); kultivar RBK (1,35 t/ha) je bil za 0,11 t semena/ha značilno produktivnejši od kultivarja Laura. Vpliv rastnih razmer na pridelek stebel in semena je bil najbolj ugoden v najbolj sušnem letu (2003), ko smo pri razmiku 17 cm s kultivarjem RBK pridelali značilno največ stebel (2,64 t/ha) in semena (1,93 t/ha). Ugotovili smo, da nerazvejeno steblo kultivarja RBK sicer ustreza vlaknatemu tipu lanu, višina rastlin (50 do 60 cm), absolutna masa (6,3 do 6,8 g) in pridelek semena (nad 1 t/ha) pa kažejo na dobro biološko zmogljivost za pridelavo semen. Pridelava in predelava lanu ne sme ostati le privlačen kulturno-zgodovinski prikaz te dejavnosti na nekaterih turističnih kmetijah v Beli Krajini (JV Slovenija), ampak tudi izziv za mlade, da s pomočjo mehaniziranih in sodobnih tehnoloških postopkov tej poljščini najdéjo mesto v ekološki pridelavi hrane in neprehranskih surovin. Navsezadnje je pridelava in predelava lanu možnost za večjo biotsko pestrost kulturne krajine in ohranjanje poseljenosti podeželja.
The basic parameter of re-introduction of this crop into the crop rotation in Slovenia is testing and trials of sunflower cultivars (Helianthus annuus L.), that could be suitable for the growing ...conditions in Slovenia, for the purpose of organic production and for the production of healthy food for consumers. On the experimental field at Biotechnical Faculty, in the period from 2002 to 2006, we were testing certain economically significant properties of five sunflower cultivars: Kernal, Kongo, Delija, Goleador and Iregi szürke csíkos. Seeds were sown by hand to the parcel in the size of 3 m x 11.8 m. Under the growing conditions in central Slovenia the genetic potential of hybrids for the production above 4 t of seed/ha was almost reached and closely approached by the hybrids Kongo and Kernal with average yields 3.5 t/ha and 3.3 t/ha. Yields of Delija and Goleador hybrids were about 1 to 1.2 tons lower, but mutually comparable. The lowest yield (1.6 t/ha) was given by Iregi szurke csikos variety, which is mostly grown by the producers in Slovenia, mainly because it is used and sold as a bird feed. In the year 2003, the fat content in the seed obtained from the hybrids, reached from 38 to 42 %, for Iregi szurke csikos variety it was only 33 %, on the other side - in the year 2005 - the fat content in the seed obtained from the hybrids was higher, that is 39 to 45 %, and for the Iregi szurke csikos variety the average was the same as in the year 2003. The highest fat content in the seed was reached by highly oleic hybrid Goleador, that is 42 % in the year 2003 and 45 % in 2005; for this hybrid, during this two years of the trials the 78- to 79-percent content of oleic acid in the oil was a little lower than its genetic potential, which is above 80 %. Regarding the use of the crop - for the cold pressed oil - the most important cultivars are the highly oleic hybrid Goleador and semioleic Delija, and for the bird feed instead of the Iregi szurke csikos variety we could sow Kongo and Kernal hybrids, not only due to their higher yields, but also due to higher fat content. Experts can advise producers how they can increase their production of seeds and oil only on the basis of tested, high quality and accessible sunflower assortment.
Preizkušanje kultivarjev sončnice (Helianthus annuus L.), ki bodo ustrezali rastnim razmeram v Sloveniji, potrebam sonaravne pridelave in potrošnikom zdrave hrane, je temelj ponovnega uvajanja te poljščine v kolobar. Na poskusnem polju Biotehniške fakultete smo v obdobju 2002 do 2006 preučevali nekatere gospodarsko pomembne lastnosti petih kultivarjev sončnice: Kernal, Kongo, Delija, Goleador in Iregi szürke csíkos. Seme smo posejali ročno na parcelo velikosti 3 m x 11,8 m. Genskemu potencialu hibridov za pridelek nad 4 t semena/ha sta se v rastnih razmerah osrednje Slovenije najbolj približala hibrida Kongo in Kernal s povprečnima pridelkoma 3,5 t/ha in 3,3 t/ha. Pridelek hibridov Delija in Goleador je bil za 1 do 1,2 toni manjši, vendar med seboj primerljiv. Najmanjši pridelek je dala sorta Iregi szurke csikos (1,6 t/ha), ki jo pridelovalci sončnice v Sloveniji sejejo največ, ker je v prodaji za krmo ptic. Vsebnost olja v semenu v letu 2003 je bila pri hibridih od 38 do 42 %, pri sorti Iregi szurke csikos pa le 33 %, nasprotno pa je bila oljnatost semena v letu 2005 pri hibridih večja, to je 39 do 45 %, pri sorti Iregi szurke csikos pa približno enaka kot v letu 2003. Največjo vsebnost olja v semenu je imel visoko oleinski hibrid Goleador, in sicer 42 % v letu 2003 in 45 % v letu 2005; 78- do 79- odstotna vsebnost oleinske kisline v olju pa je bila v obeh letih nekoliko manjša od njegovega genskega potenciala za to lastnost, ki je nad 80 %. Glede na namen uporabe pridelka sta za hladno stisnjeno olje najprimernejša visoko oleinski hibrid Goleador in pol oleinski Delija, za krmo ptic pa bi lahko namesto sorte Iregi szurke csikos sejali hibrida Kongo in Kernal, ne le zaradi večje rodnosti, ampak tudi zaradi večje vsebnosti maščob. Le na podlagi preizkušenega, kakovostnega in dostopnega sortimenta sončnice bodo lahko strokovnjaki svetovali pridelovalcem, tako, da bodo ti pridelali več semena in maščob.
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