•13 out 14 strains are registered with species nomenclature inconsistent with modern genome based taxonomy.•Bacillus velezensis is the most commonly misidentified species.•This study provides a ...simple sequencing-free PCR assay to identify Bacillus velezensis strains.
Strains of Bacillus spp. are one of the most important classes of bacterial biocontrol agents, which are commonly used and commercialized as plant pathogen antagonists and plant growth promoters. In the United States, there are currently 14 strains of Bacillus sp. registered as plant pathogen crop protection products. Recent advances in sequencing technology have led to many taxonomic revisions in the Bacillus subtilis group, which encompasses many of these strains. Recent studies have identified a few strains that were registered with different species nomenclature than they are currently recognized. The current study determined that taxonomic position of each of these strains and the results show most were registered under species nomenclature that is inconsistent with their current taxonomy. In addition, the current study identified selective primers to identify Bacillus velezensis, which was the most commonly misidentified strain in the study. This study should help establish a link between the research literature and product labels, which should lead to improved knowledge and regulatory actions.
•Elicitors influence the Cacopsylla bidens population.•Chitosan induced resistance to Cacopsylla bidens.•Chitosan for IPM of Cacopsylla bidens.•Activity of detoxifying enzymes in pear psyllid is ...altered by elicitor application.•Elicitors influence secondary metabolites.
The pear psylla, Cacopsylla bidens (Šulc, 1907) (Psylloidea, Psyllidae, Psyllinae) is a serious pest of pear worldwide. In this research, the effects of salicylic acid (SA), chitosan, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and Serenade Aso (Bacillus subtilis QST713) were studied on the induced resistance of pear trees to C. bidens. The treatments showed a significant difference in terms of population growth of C. bidens after 7 and 14 days during two years. In 2019, the mean population growth of total life stages of C. bidens in the studied treatments was significantly lower than control after 7 and 14 days of spraying. In 2020 (7 and 14 days after spraying), the percent declinein the mean population of pear psylla (total life stages) was highest on chitosan treatment (75 and 85 %, respectively) and the lowest on control (30 and 48 %, respectively). GC–MS analysis revealed the range of chemicals in the pear leaves under different treatments. Based on the results, 23 compounds were identified, including 9 alkaloids, 6 flavonoids, 4 polyphenols, 3 terpenoids, and one glycoside. In all treatments except Serenade, the amounts of alkaloids increased compared to the control. Furthermore, the activity of catalase and glutathione S- transferase enzymes in C. bidens under chitosan treatment was significantly higher than others; but the activity of peroxidase significantly decreased on chitosan compared to SA and GABA. The lower levels of peroxidase in C. bidens reared on trees treated with chitosan indicate this insect has not been able to detoxify plant secondary metabolites effectually. In addition, our findings suggested that chitosan on pear trees could act effectively in reducing the C. bidens population and can be considered in integrated management programs of this pest.
Field peas (Pisum sativum L.) are a valuable source of protein and help to support crop biodiversity in a sustainable agriculture system. To maintain varied crop rotation in sustainable production, ...it is advisable to include the winter form of pea, which is an excellent alternative to the spring form. However, the prolonged development of winter peas when weather patterns are unfavorable can adversely affect the morphological features and the health of the plants. The literature lacks studies on this issue. The objective of this study was to evaluate the morphological characteristics, yield, and canopy health of selected cultivars of winter peas. The study was conducted at the Prusy Experimental Station of the University of Agriculture in Krakow, located near Krakow, Poland (50°07′28″ N, 20°05′34″ E), during two growing seasons. The study evaluated six cultivars of winter peas and two means of protecting the canopy, with biological products containing Pythium oligandrum (Polyversum WP) or Bacillus subtilis (Serenade ASO). The yield, yield structure, efficiency of N uptake, and health of the plants were assessed. Crop protection treatments using Polyversum WP and Serenade ASO were shown to effectively protect winter peas against Fusarium wilt, which occurred only in the Specter and Arkta cultivars sprayed with Serenade. Polyversum WP increased the productivity of winter peas on average by 0.5 t ha−1 and increased the efficiency of nitrogen uptake on average by 10 kg ha−1 in comparison to the control. The Aviron and Arkta cultivars are recommended for cultivation in the conditions of Central Europe due to their high yield potential, high efficiency of nitrogen uptake, and good canopy health.
Susanna’s “Deh vieni” Sherrill, Paul
Music theory online,
12/2018, Letnik:
24, Številka:
4
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
This article offers an analysis of “Deh vieni non tardar,” Susanna’s last aria in Mozart’s
Le nozze di Figaro
. The aria stages a diegetic performance in which Susanna serenades an absent beloved ...while Figaro eavesdrops, but the aria is not simply a facsimile of Susanna’s performance. Instead, the music scripts a shift of the audience’s perspective, moving from a quasi-literal representation of the performance to a depiction of Susanna’s affective experience of performing. This shift in perspective realigns how different musical parameters collaborate to produce meaning.
Observations from disparate domains coalesce into an interpretation of the aria. The analysis engages with musical details by starting from hypotheses about what the piece is (serenade or psychologizing aria), what it does (deliver text or embody expressive action), and how its musical features afford those identities. The central analytical questions are what genre “Deh vieni” belongs to and how its features serve the functions of that genre.
Stepping Out Horlacher, Gretchen
Music theory online,
03/2018, Letnik:
24, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
This paper explores relationships between musical and balletic structure in Balanchine’s choreographies of Tchaikovsky’s op. 48
Serenade
and Stravinsky’s
Orpheus
. It demonstrates how movement in ...music (phrase shapes, melodic directions) and movement in ballet (in individuals and in the corps de ballet) may respond to one another, especially in how each art form follows and alters its own conventions.
James M. Cain is often linked with hard-boiled writers such as Dashiell Hammett and Raymond Chandler. Actually, he wrote a different kind of novels, where there are no ‘private eye’ detectives and ...very few murders. Robert Polito describes them as Noir Novels, using a term normally associated with the famous Hollywood genre, because of their particular emphasis on psyche and drama issues – distinctive elements of the Film Noir Era.
BACKGROUND: This study was undertaken to identify any potential adverse side effects of the use of seven microbiological control agents (MCAs) on the bumblebee, Bombus terrestris L., in the context ...of combined use in integrated pest management (IPM). AQ10® (Ampelomyces quisqualis), Binab-T-vector® (Hypocrea parapilulifera + T. atroviride; 1/1), Prestop-Mix® (Gliocladium catenulatum J1446), Serenade® (Bacillus subtilis QST713), Trianum-P® (Trichoderma harzianum T22), Botanigard® (Beauveria bassiana GHA) and Granupom® (Cydia pomonella granulovirus), comprising five biofungicides and two bioinsecticides, were investigated. Bumblebee workers were exposed under laboratory conditions to each MCA at its maximum field recommended concentration (MFRC) via three different routes of exposure: dermal contact and orally via either treated sugar water or pollen.RESULTS: The tested MCAs were found to be safe for workers of B. terrestris, with the exception of Botanigard® and Serenade®. Exposure to Botanigard® via contact at its MFRC caused 92% mortality after 11 weeks, while the 1/10 MFRC killed 46% of exposed workers. For Serenade®, topical contact and oral delivery via sugar water resulted in 88 and 100% worker mortality respectively. With lower concentrations (1/2, 1/5 and 1/10 MFRC) the toxicity decreased, but the effect depended on the route of exposure. In addition to lethal effects, nests were also evaluated for sublethal effects after treatment with the seven MCAs at their respective MFRCs over 11 weeks. In these bioassays, only Botanigard® and Serenade® gave rise to a significant (P < 0.05) decrease in drone production. Sublethal effects on foraging behaviour were also evaluated, and only Botanigard at its MFRC delivered via treated sugar water induced negative effects.CONCLUSION: The results demonstrated that most of the MCAs tested can be considered safe for use in combination with B. terrestris, based on the International Organisation for Biological Control of Noxious Animals and Plants (IOBC) classification. However, some can be harmful, such as the biofungicide Serenade® and the bioinsecticide Botanigard®. Therefore, it is recommended that all should be tested before use in combination with pollinators. In this context, it is also advisable that these MCAs should be evaluated in more realistic field situations for the assessment of potentially deleterious effects on foraging behaviour.
The protectant fungicides Sonata, based on the patented Bacillus pumilus strain QST 2808 (Agraquest, Davis - CA), and Serenade (Agraquest), based on the proprietary Bacillus subtilis strain QST 713, ...have been both successfully used in rotational and tank-mix programs with single-site fungicides for the control of black leaf streak (Mycosphaerella fijiensis) in banana. The main mode of action of Sonata is based on the production of aminosugars and that of Serenade on the production of lipopeptides. Aminosugars interfere with new cell wall production of fungal pathogens such as M. fijiensis, while lipopeptides disrupt pathogen cell membranes. These modes of action are different from other fungicides and therefore represent an opportunity for resistance management and synergy with single-site fungicides. In 2010, in the Province of Guayas, Ecuador, a trial was setup in order to demonstrate the efficacy of Sonata for black leaf streak control. The following treatments were tested: 1) Sonata - 1.3 L/ha + adjuvant Ecuafix 2%; 2) Sonata - 1.0 L/ha + mineral oil - 7 L/ha; 3) Sonata - 0.8 L/ha + mineral oil - 7,0 L/ha, alternately mixed with the single-site fungicides difenoconazole - 0.4 L/ha, spiroxamine - 0.5 L/ha, pyraclostrobin - 0.4 L/ha and fenpropimorph - 1.0 L/ha; and 4) a commercial program of applications. All the treatments with Sonata reduced the severity of black leaf streak and had higher efficacy than the chemical standards in the last evaluation at 14 days after the last application. Based on the results, treatments 1 and 2 are recommended for conditions of low disease pressure with shorter applications intervals and treatment 3 is recommended for mid to high disease pressures with an application interval of 16 days. A large field trial was conducted over 3 years in Guápiles, Costa Rica, where Serenade 1 L/ha + adjuvant 1% + emulsifier 1% + oil - 7 L/ha was applied every 14 days in the first 6 months and monthly over the next 2,5 years of trial duration, replacing single applications of mancozeb (Dithane 60 OF) + emulsifier 1% + oil - 7 L/ha. The data show that Serenade had an efficacy equal to mancozeb as a protectant fungicide in an integrated program in which triazoles, amines, anilinopyrimidines, strobilurins and protectant fungicides were used. In addition to their high efficacy when used in black leaf streak control programs, both products also have an excellent toxicology profile for both worker safety as well as non-target beneficial organisms and the environment at large, supporting their use as protectant fungicides for sustainable production.
Britten the Anthologist Salfen, Kevin
19th century music,
07/2014, Letnik:
38, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Benjamin Britten was one of several twentieth-century British composers active before the Second World War who wrote “anthology cycles”—that is, cyclic vocal works on poetry anthologies of the ...composer's own making. This apparently British invention is deeply indebted to the widespread success of the anthology as a literary form in classrooms, homes, and marketplaces of Victorian and Edwardian England. Britten's early attraction to canonical anthologies such as Arthur Quiller-Couch'sOxford Book of English Verse(1900), for example, is representative of a cultural practice of reading. Britten and other British composers renewed their connection to that practice when they became anthologists for their musical works, identifying themselves as arbiters of poetic and musical taste.
Britten's anthology cycleSerenadefor tenor, horn, and strings (1943) uses Quiller-Couch'sOxford Bookfor as many as four of its six texts, many of which share pastoral themes. And yet the composer's musical settings often seem to challenge a conventional reading of the chosen texts and the generic titles Britten assigned to each movement. By creating a canonical, pastoral anthology and then challenging it through music, Britten, who had just returned to England from the United States, investedSerenadewith the potential to present the world of prewar England as embattled.
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