An eye-opening look at the invisible workers who protect us from seeing humanity's worst on today's commercial internetSocial media on the internet can be a nightmarish place. A primary shield ...against hateful language, violent videos, and online cruelty uploaded by users is not an algorithm. It is people. Mostly invisible by design, more than 100,000 commercial content moderators evaluate posts on mainstream social media platforms: enforcing internal policies, training artificial intelligence systems, and actively screening and removing offensive material-sometimes thousands of items per day. Sarah T. Roberts, an award-winning social media scholar, offers the first extensive ethnographic study of the commercial content moderation industry. Based on interviews with workers from Silicon Valley to the Philippines, at boutique firms and at major social media companies, she contextualizes this hidden industry and examines the emotional toll it takes on its workers. This revealing investigation of the people "behind the screen" offers insights into not only the reality of our commercial internet but the future of globalized labor in the digital age.
The Social Media Disorder Scale van den Eijnden, Regina J.J.M.; Lemmens, Jeroen S.; Valkenburg, Patti M.
Computers in human behavior,
August 2016, 2016-08-00, 20160801, Letnik:
61
Journal Article
Recenzirano
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There is growing evidence that social media addiction is an evolving problem, particularly among adolescents. However, the absence of an instrument measuring social media addiction hinders further ...development of the research field. The present study, therefore, aimed to test the reliability and validity of a short and easy to administer Social Media Disorder (SMD) Scale that contains a clear diagnostic cut-off point to distinguish between disordered (i.e. addicted) and high-engaging non-disordered social media users.
Three online surveys were conducted among a total of 2198 Dutch adolescents aged 10 to 17. The 9-item scale showed solid structural validity, appropriate internal consistency, good convergent and criterion validity, sufficient test-retest reliability, and satisfactory sensitivity and specificity. In sum, this study generated evidence that the short 9-item scale is a psychometrically sound and valid instruments to measure SMD.
•The 9-item Social Media Disorder (SMD) Scale is a psychometrically sound instrument.•The development of the 9-item SMD-scale was based on the 9 DSM-5 criteria for IGD.•The 9-item SMD-scale shows appropriate internal consistency and test-retest reliability.•The 9-item SMD-scale demonstrates good convergent and criterion validity.•The 9-item SMD-scale shows adequate sensitivity and good specificity.
What roles do our identities play in democratic politics? When we participate in citizens’ assemblies or in social movement gatherings, we are judged by how we look, which clothes we wear, by our ...skin colour, gender, and body language. Prejudice does not only lead to discrimination but also limits the freedom of expressing ourselves. The Politics of Becoming explores radical democratic acts of disidentification to counter this problem. Anonymity in masked protest, pamphleteering, street graffiti, and online debate interrupts our everyday identities. By concealing who we believe ourselves to be, anonymity allows us to live our multiple selves. In the digital age, anonymity becomes an inherent part of everyday communication. Through our smart devices we express our selves differently. As cyborgs our identities are disrupted and reassembled. We curate self-representations on social media, create avatars, share selfies and choose the skin colour of our emojis. To counter discrimination and express ourselves more freely in democratic spaces, we need to embrace our inner multiplicity. This argument does not break with the feminist politics of presence. Claiming and reinterpreting marginalized identities is a crucial element of an emancipatory democratic strategy. The politics of becoming, however, rereads presence as the performative act of self-creation. Drawing on queer, gender, feminist, and anarchist thinking, this book argues for an interruption of the dominant order to engage in self-transformation.
•Extensive literature review on social media analytics providing clear definitions of the most common used terms.•Discovery of social media data covers a wide interdisciplinary field.•Data quality ...and description of procedure have much room for improvement.•Majority of social media data stems from Twitter, while sentiment and content analysis are the current prevailing methods.
The spread and use of social networks provide a rich data source that can be used to answer a wide range of research questions from various disciplines. However, the nature of social media data poses a challenge to the analysis. The aim of this study is to provide an in-depth overview of the research that analyzes social media data since 2017. An extensive literature review based on 94 papers led to the findings that clear definitions are neither established nor commonly applied. Predominant research domains include marketing, hospitality and tourism, disaster management, and disruptive technology. The majority of analyzed social media data are taken from Twitter. Sentiment and content analysis are the current prevailing methods. Half of the studies include practical implications. Based on the literature review, clear definitions are provided, and future avenues for high-quality research are suggested.
This book studies the rise of social media in the first decade of the twenty-first century, up until 2012. It provides both a historical and a critical analysis of the emergence of networking ...services in the context of a changing ecosystem of connective media. Such history is needed to understand how the intricate constellation of platforms profoundly affects our experience of online sociality. In a short period of time, services like Facebook, YouTube and many others have come to deeply penetrate our daily habits of communication and creative production. While most sites started out as amateur-driven community platforms, half a decade later they have turned into large corporations that do not just facilitate user connectedness, but have become global information and data mining companies extracting and exploiting user connectivity. Offering a dual analytical prism to examine techno-cultural as well as socio-economic aspects of social media, the author dissects five major platforms: Facebook, Twitter, Flickr, YouTube, and Wikipedia. Each of these microsystems occupies a distinct position in the larger ecosystem of connective media, and yet, their underlying mechanisms for coding interfaces, steering users, filtering content, governance and business models rely on shared ideological principles. Reconstructing the premises on which these platforms are built, this study highlights how norms for online interaction and communication gradually changed. “Sharing,” “friending,” “liking,” “following,” “trending,” and “favoriting” have come to denote online practices imbued with specific technological and economic meanings. This process of normalization is part of a larger political and ideological battle over information control in an online world where everything is bound to become “social.”
This book explores how social media is used in South Africa, through a range of case studies exploring various social networking sites and applications.
This volume explores how, over the past ...decade, social media platforms have deeply penetrated the fabric of everyday life. The author considers South Africans’ use of wearable tech and use of online health and sports tracking systems via mobile phones within the broader context of the digital data economy. The author also focuses on the dating app Tinder, to show how people negotiate and redefine intimacy through the practice of online dating via strategic performances in pursuit of love, sex and intimacy. The book concludes with the use of Facebook and Twitter for social activism (e.g. Fees Must Fall), as well as networked community building as in the case of the #imstaying movement.
This book will be of interest to social media academics and students, as well as anyone interested in social media, politics and cultural life in South Africa.
Social media use research remains dominated by self-report measures, despite concerns they may not accurately reflect objective social media use. The association between commonly employed self-report ...measures and objective social media use remains unclear. The aim of this study was to determine the degree of association between an objective and commonly employed subjective measures of social media use. The study specifically examined a single-estimate self-report measure, a problematic social media use scale, and objective use derived from smartphone data, in a sample of 209 individuals. The findings showed a very weak non-significant relationship between the objective measure and the single-estimate measure, (r = −.04, p = .58, BF10 = 0.18), and a weak significant relationship between the objective measure and the problematic social media use scale (r = .19, p = .01, BF10 = 3.04). These findings converge with other recent research to suggest there is very little shared variance between subjective estimates of social media use and objective use. This highlights the possibility that subjective social media use may be largely unrelated to objective use, which has implications for ensuring the rigor of future research and raising potential concerns regarding the veracity of previous research.
•There is an overreliance on self-report measures of social media in research.•There was no relationship between single estimate self-report social media use and actual social media use.•There was a weak relationship between scores on a problematic social media use scale and actual use.