InRacial Science in Hitler's New Europe, 1938-1945, international scholars examine the theories of race that informed the legal, political, and social policies aimed against ethnic minorities in ...Nazi-dominated Europe. The essays explicate how racial science, preexisting racist sentiments, and pseudoscientific theories of race that were preeminent in interwar Europe ultimately facilitated Nazi racial designs for a "New Europe."
The volume examines racial theories in a number of European nation-states in order to understand racial thinking at large, the origins of the Holocaust, and the history of ethnic discrimination in each of those countries. The essays, by uncovering neglected layers of complexity, diversity, and nuance, demonstrate how local discourse on race paralleled Nazi racial theory but had unique nationalist intellectual traditions of racial thought.
Written by rising scholars who are new to English-language audiences, this work examines the scientific foundations that central, eastern, northern, and southern European countries laid for ethnic discrimination, the attempted annihilation of Jews, and the elimination of other so-called inferior peoples.
This promising addition to the growing literature on the history of late socialism charts the development of youth culture and politics in socialist Yugoslavia, focusing on the 1980s. Rather than ...examining the 1980s as a mere prelude to the violent collapse of the country in the 1990s, the book recovers the multiplicity of political visions and cultural developments that evolved at the time and that have been largely forgotten in subsequent discussion. The youth of this generation, the author convincingly argues, sought to rearticulate the Yugoslav socialist framework in order to reinvigorate it and 'democratise' it, rather than destroy it altogether.
This study in comparative politics takes two countries with similar historical experiences in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and asks why they had very different responses to the same natural ...shock--the depression of the 1930s. In analyzing their responses, Berman makes a convincing case for the important role ideas play in politics.
This article synthetically presents the key arguments and finding of a recent book of mine (Enterprises, Industry and Innovation in the People's Republic of China: Questioning Socialism from Deng to ...the Trade and Tech War, Springer, 2020) on the gradual evolution of enterprise forms since the inception of rural and industrial reforms and the development of a modern innovation system in China. The book focuses mainly on the multi-causal processes of change occurring in the underlying socioeconomic relations of production and exchange, which cannot be adequately interpreted as a pure manifestation of the simple State-Market opposition. In fact, the complex and evolutionary interactions between state-led industrial and other development-oriented policies, on the one hand, and (relatively) automatic market mechanisms working in a quasi-by-default manner, on the other hand, constitute the essence of China's distinctive economic model. From an epistemological perspective, the conceptual foundations of my work are those of the Classics and of the Marxian tradition, with the twin categories of the mode of production and socioeconomic formation as basic starting points. I try to partly re-interpreted these foundations taking into account the lessons of historical experience, as tools that can help--along with other ones--to understand twenty-first-century complex socioeconomic systems. Keywords: China; market socialism; enterprises; national innovation system
W artykule omawia się w perspektywie chronologicznej i problemowej podstawowe przyczyny skutecznej adaptacji idei socjalistycznych w Czarnogórze w XX wieku. Obok źródeł myśli serbskiej, rosyjskiej i ...niemieckiej ważną rolę odegrał tu miejscowy paradygmat etyki heroicznej, kolektywizmu i egalitaryzmu, a także warunki ekonomiczne, związki polityczne z Rosją oraz słabość tradycji feudalnej i mieszczańskiej. Przedstawione przykłady ilustrują różne warianty rozumienia socjalizmu: jako postpatriarchalnego solidaryzmu, rewolucjonizmu etycznego, komunizmu utopijnego i antybiurokratyzmu. Elementy tych koncepcji dostrzegalne są zarówno w ich pierwszych czarnogórskich manifestacjach z lat 1905-1920, działalności międzywojennej KPJ, jak i w rewolucyjnym dyskursie antyfaszystowskiego ruchu partyzanckiego. Podobnie oryginalna geneza społeczno-kulturowa cechuje dokumentację zjawiska z okresów sporu z Międzynarodówką Komunistyczną (od 1948, w tym wypowiedzi Milovana Đilasa), budowy ustroju socjalizmu samorządowego i wydarzeń z lat 1987-1989. The paper discusses, in the chronological and problematic perspective, the essential reasons for the effective adaptation of socialist ideas in Montenegro in 20th century. Apart from sources of Serbian, Russian and German thought, it was local heroic ethics, collectivism and egalitarianism paradigm, economic conditions, political relations with Russia, and also instability of feudal and bourgeois tradition that were crucial to this reception. The examples presented here illustrate various variants of the understanding of socialism: as post-patriarchal solidarism, ethical revolutionarism, utopian communism and anti-bureaucraticism. The elements of these conceptions can be noticed in their first Montenegrin manifestations of 1905-1920, the activity of the interwar YCP as well as in the revolutionary discourse of the antifascist guerrilla movement. Similarly original socio-cultural origin characterises the documentation of the depicted phenomenon in the periods of dispute with Communist International (from 1948, including Milovan Djilas statements), construction of the self-government socialism system and events of 1987-1989. Keywords: Montenegro, socialism, Marxism, proletarian revolution, heroic ethics
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