•A two-part train traffic emission factors model is built.•The model could predict the PM10 level at a railway station platform in a tunnel.•The two terms in this model are brake effect term and ...accumulative effect term.•The relationship between PM10 and train frequency in both terms is linear.•The two terms equally affect the PM10 level at train station platforms.
In 2017 a new railway tunnel containing two stations opened in Stockholm, Sweden. A series of field measurements were carried out on the platforms in this tunnel before and after it was opened for normal traffic. These measurements were used to investigate the contribution of airborne particle emissions from wear processes to total train emissions. This field data was used to develop a two-part train traffic emission factor model for PM10. The two parts are the accumulative effect term (relating to operating distance such as wheel-rail contact and overhead electric line sliding contact) and a brake effect term (relating to the number of braking operations such as brake disc and brake pad contact). The results show that operating a single trial train at a higher than normal frequency on an otherwise empty platform increases the platform particulate concentration until the concentration reaches a steady value. The model suggests that brake emissions account for about 50% of the total emissions measured in the tunnels.
This timely book, which is based on the results of the Integration of the Second Generation in Europe survey, presents the disturbing results of a recent study in Stockholm that examines the ...experiences of residents descended from Turkish migrants. Focusing on three different ethno-national groups—Turks, Kurds, and Syriacs—the contributors explore issues such as identity, family situation, language use, education, labor market experiences, and employment. The essays highlight the varying degrees of success each group has achieved in the process of trying to integrate into Stockholm society. The book also examines the widespread discrimination and exclusion the descendants of migrants experience. As a whole, this volume shows a troubling picture of the obstacles faced by immigrant new societies.
Urban geography could be characterized by analysing the patterns that describe the flows of people and goods. Measuring urban structures is essential for supporting an evidence-based spatial planning ...policy. The objective of this study is to examine how the spatial–temporal distribution of public transport passenger flow could be used to reveal urban structure dynamics. A methodology to identify and classify centres based on mobility data was applied to Metropolitan Stockholm in Sweden using multi-modal public transport passenger flows. Stockholm is known for its long-term monocentric planning with a dominant central core and radial public transport system. Strategic nodes along its radial public transport system have been a focus for development of sub-centres. Although the regional planning policy embraces a shift towards a polycentric planning policy, the results indicate that this has not been realized insofar.
•A methodology for identifying urban clusters based on public transport flows•A methodology for classifying urban clusters based on temporal mobility profiles•Unravelling the urban structure dynamics of metropolitan Stockholm•Stockholm has not yet transformed into a polycentric or multi-centric structure.
Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are of global concern due to their negative effects on humans and the environment, and globally are regulated in the Stockholm Convention on POPs. The present ...study had Mongolia as a partner in a multinational project funded and coordinated by the United Nations Environment Programme with the aim to monitor POPs in core media, including air (with passive samplers), water, and a pooled human milk sample. Project implementation and all sampling were undertaken by the Institute of Chemistry and Chemical Technology whereas POPs analysis was performed in laboratories abroad. Brominated and chlorinated POPs were analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, perfluorinated compounds (PFAS) and isomers of hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. The monitoring results found very low concentrations of PFAS in river water. Toxic equivalents (TEQs) for PCDD/PCDF were low in air and in human samples but had a relatively higher presence of TEQ from dioxin-like PCB than in other countries. With respect to chlorinated POPs, drins, chlordanes, DDTs, heptachlors, and mirex were very low in air and human milk. Elevated levels were found for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), hexachlorobenzene (HCB), hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs), pentachlorobenzene (PeCBz), and HBCD in air with extreme values for hexachlorobutadiene. The abundance of HCHs and HCB was confirmed in the human milk sample but not for PCB, PeCBz or HBCD. Short-chain chlorinated paraffins (170 ng/g lipid) were the highest among all human milk pools. It is recommended to continue POPs monitoring in the future, especially for those where high concentrations were found.
•Mongolia's first contribution to the global monitoring plan of POPs.•Legacy industrial POPs (PCB, HCB, HCH) were more abundant than organochlorine pesticides.•Perfluorinated POPs were very low in water, and comparatively low in air and humans.•High concentrations of SCCP in human milk and HCBD in air need confirmation.
•Sweden has a great biogas potential that could contribute to replacement of fossil fuels.•Signs of a stagnating development after 15 years of stable expansion.•Biogas actors in Stockholm County ...provide insights regarding the development.•Uncertainties about demand and policy cause hesitation, public organizations key actors.•Will electricity complement or replace biogas?
Sweden has ambitions to phase out fossil fuels and significantly increase the share of biofuels it uses. This article focuses on Stockholm County and biogas, with the aim to increase the knowledge about regional preconditions. Biogas-related actors have been interviewed, focusing on the demand side. Biogas solutions play an essential role, especially regarding bus transports and taxis. Long-term development has created well-functioning socio-technical systems involving collaboration. However, uncertainties about demand and policy cause hesitation and signs of stagnating development.
Public organizations are key actors regarding renewables. For example, Stockholm Public Transport procures biogas matching the production at municipal wastewater treatment plants, the state-owned company Swedavia steers via a queuing system for taxis, and the municipalities have shifted to “environmental cars”.
There is a large interest in electric vehicles, which is expected to increase significantly, partially due to suggested national policy support. The future role of biogas will be affected by how such an expansion comes about. There might be a risk of electricity replacing biogas, making it more challenging to reach a fossil-free vehicle fleet. Policy issues strongly influence the development. The environmental car definition is of importance, but its limited focus fails to account for several different types of relevant effects. The dynamic policy landscape with uncertainties about decision makers’ views on biogas seems to be one important reason behind the decreased pace of development. A national, long-term strategy is missing. Both the European Union and Sweden have high ambitions regarding a bio-based and circular economy, which should favor biogas solutions.
Ongoing urban expansion may degrade natural resources, ecosystems, and the services they provide to human societies, e.g., through land use and water changes and feedbacks. In order to control and ...minimize such negative impacts of urbanization, best practices for sustainable urban development must be identified, supported, and reinforced. To accomplish this, assessment methods and tools need to consider the couplings and feedbacks between social and ecological systems, as the basis for improving the planning and management of urban development. Collaborative efforts by academics, urban planners, and other relevant actors are also essential in this context. This will require relevant methods and tools for testing and projecting scenarios of coupled social-ecological system (CSES) behavior, changes, and feedbacks, in support of sustainable development of growing cities. This paper presents a CSES modeling approach that can provide such support, by coupling socio-economically driven land use changes and associated hydrological changes. The paper exemplifies and tests the applicability of this approach for a concrete case study with relevant data availability, the Tyresån catchment in Stockholm County, Sweden. Results show that model integration in the approach can reveal impacts of urbanization on hydrological and water resource, and the implications and feedbacks for urban societies and ecosystems. The CSES approach introduces new model challenges, but holds promise for improved model support towards sustainable urban development.
•We present a tool for planning support by coupling social-ecological systems.•The tool helps identify and understand change drivers and feedbacks.•The tool was successfully tested in an urban-hydrological system in Sweden.•Model coupling can support better decisions for sustainable development.
This article probes the duality of marginalisation yet omnipresence of walking in cities. Using innovation in traffic light technology in Stockholm as a case study, it seeks to understand the ...attempts to regulate and safeguard pedestrians in the first decade after the Second World War. The article argues that traffic lights and other technologies were part of experts’ efforts to make urban mobility “systemic”, linking streets with vehicles and road users with the aim to optimize traffic. In doing so, their approach to pedestrian control was ambiguous. On the one hand, experts wanted to fit pedestrians into the emerging city traffic system: make them predictable, while also seeing to their safety. On the other hand, their designs and corresponding legislation often accepted pedestrian sovereignty, and walking was not systemised in Stockholm during the period studied here.
Most economic valuation studies of species derive from stated preferences methods. These methods fail to take into account biodiversity values that the general public is not (made) informed about or ...has no experience with. Hence, production function (PF) and replacement cost (RC) approaches to valuation may be preferable in situations where species perform key life support functions in ecosystems, such as seed dispersal, pollination, or pest regulation. We conduct an RC analysis of the seed dispersal service performed by the Eurasian jay (
Garrulus glandarius) in the Stockholm National Urban Park, Sweden. The park holds one of the largest populations of giant oaks in Europe, and the oak (
Quercus robur and
Quercus petrea) represents a keystone species in the hemiboreal forests. The primary objective was to estimate the number of seed-dispersed oak trees that resulted from jays and to determine the costs of replacing this service though human means. Results show that depending upon seeding or planting technique chosen, the RC per pair of jays in the park is SEK 35,000 (USD 4900) and SEK 160,000 (USD 22,500), respectively. Based on the park's aggregated oak forest-area, average RC for natural oak forest regeneration by jays is SEK 15,000 (USD 2100) to SEK 67,000 (USD 9400) per hectare, respectively. These estimates help motivating investments in management strategies that secure critical breeding and foraging habitats of jays, including coniferous forests and jay movement corridors. The analysis also illustrates the need for detailed ecological–economic knowledge in a PF or RC analysis. The continuous temporal and spatial oak dispersal service provided by jays holds several benefits compared to a man-made replacement of this service. PF and RC approaches are particularly motivated in cases of known functional ecological relationships, and critically important in estimating management measures where mobile link organisms and keystone species form key mutual relationships that generate high biodiversity benefits. In relation to obtained results, we discuss insights for conducting valuation studies on particular species.
It was assessed how the size of perch (Perca fluviatilis) is related to levels of four per- and polyfluorinated substances (PFAS) in its muscle tissue. These were PFOS, PFNA, PFOA, and PFHxS, for ...which the sum, denoted as ΣPFAS4, has a tolerable intake derived by the European Food Safety Authority. The results indicate that, in contrast to, e.g., mercury levels, ΣPFAS4 levels in perch muscle do not increase with increasing weight of the fish, which implies that consuming larger perch does not increase the risk of exceeding the TWI of ΣPFAS4, in relation to consuming smaller perch. Therefore, for risk assessment, analyzing samples of smaller perch is sufficient, demanding less effort to catch. The credibility of the results was strengthened by applying the same statistical model to mercury levels in the same samples. As expected, larger fish had generally higher levels than small fish for mercury.
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•No association between PFAS4 and perch size was found•Mercury concentration increased with perch size•Results suggest that consuming larger perch do not increase exposure to PFAS4
The involvement of stakeholders in large scale urban sustainable development projects (LSUSDP.s) has proven difficult. The stakeholders are distributed across the geographical area, and they have ...stakes not only in the LSUSDP, but in the geographical location where the project takes place. To understand stakeholder management in "distributed projects", we propose abandoning the "inside-out" perspective where the project is the point of departure, and focus on the emergence of stakeholders across time. Adopting such a performative, "outside-in," perspective on the longitudinal and digital study of a LSUSDP, we are able to map how actors became stakeholders in the project through their actions. The paper makes four contributions. First, we reconceptualize stakeholder involvement by adopting a performative perspective, whereby "stakeholders" are envisaged as emergent and non-fixed. Second, we demonstrate how such a reconceptualization may be applied to the analysis of an empirical case. Third, we show that stakeholder involvement is not merely the result of stakeholder management but something that happens over time, through the material and discursive actions of those that become stakeholders. Finally, the paper contributes with an illustration of how the online, digital footprint, of a project may be useful to understand the emergence of a project.
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