The review and the comparative analysis of the systems of payment of journey (SPJ) on public transport is presented in article, advantages and shortcomings are defined, evolutionary features of ...change of priorities in use of SOP are revealed; the factors defining evolution of SOP in compliance with technological changes are allocated, the most perspective SOP are defined and recommended for introduction, the directions of deepening of research and receiving a solid data about effects from introduction of SOP are defined.
Health insurance is improving access to quality health care in Ghana. However, there are implementation challenges which call for reform of the current health insurance system. There is no doubt that ...reforming the current health insurance in Ghana is besieged with a myriad of problems due to misconceptions and misinformation. This study explored the perceptions and understanding of clients and health providers on the capitation payment system in the Kumasi metropolis.
The study employed a cross - sectional design and repeated surveys were conducted with a cohort of 422 NHIS policy holders aged 18-69 years in each survey. The surveys were conducted in every three months. Health service providers and clients from thirteen (13) Hospitals, seven (7) Maternity homes and twenty (20) Clinics were also interviewed. Data was collected with interviewer-administered questionnaires. STATA software (version 11) was used for cleaning, standardizing and analysing data.
A majority, 97.9% of the clients interviewed had heard of capitation payment although this did not translate into their level of understanding. About two-thirds, 61.2% disclosed that capitation was not important to them as clients are restricted to one Preferred Primary Provider (PPP) for a long period of time. About 94% of health providers also believed that people did not like the capitation payment system due to their misconception that it has been politicized (34%); does not give clients free choice of providers (26%) and capitation not covering most drugs (17%).
Although awareness of the capitation was high among clients, attitudes towards the capitation payment system were somewhat poor. A good understanding of the capitation payment system is key to ensuring client and provider acceptance and smooth implementation of the system.
In 2018, there was an empirical research conducted in passengers' interest in innovative methods of passenger handling within passenger transport in the Slovak Republic. The research determined the ...knowledge of passengers regarding new methods, namely, NFC technologies, EMV technologies and ABT technologies. The article defines the methodology of choosing an electronic payment system within public transport, followed by partial results of research multicriteria evaluation of alternatives electronic payment system in public transport. For evaluation of variants, an electronic payment system within public transport was the selected method of a total utility.
Este estudo tem o objetivo de analisar a evolução do sistema de pagamentos brasileiro, no período 1995-2003, e os efeitos sobre o mercado monetário decorrentes da sua reestruturação. Além disso, ...procura-se traçar um paralelo com os sistemas de pagamentos de alguns países selecionados. Os resultados indicam que a participação dos meios de pagamento no produto da economia está diretamente relacionada ao grau de desenvolvimento do sistema financeiro de cada país. Portanto, as economias desenvolvidas apresentaram participações mais expressivas dos meios de pagamento em relação aos seus produtos. Em abril de 2002, o Banco Central do Brasil implementou um novo sistema de pagamentos que seguiu a metodologia adotada internacionalmente, ou seja, sistema de liquidação pelo valor bruto em tempo real. Esse sistema conta com a transferência eletrônica disponível, com o propósito de efetuar liquidações de elevados valores também em tempo real. Os resultados indicaram que esse sistema ainda não trouxe efeitos relevantes sobre o comportamento dos meios de pagamento mais restritos. Contudo, há forte tendência de uma migração dos pagamentos realizados via instrumentos convencionais em direção a pagamentos processados por meios eletrônicos.The study aims to analyze the evolution of the Brazilian system payments, in the period 1995-2003, and the effect on the monetary market due to its change. Moreover, a parallel with the systems of payment of some selected countries is done. The results indicate that the participation of the means of payment in the domestic product is directly related to the degree of development of the financial system. Therefore, the developed economies had presented higher participation of the means of payment in relation to its products. In April of 2002, a Brazilian Central Bank implemented a new system of payments which followed the methodology adopted internationally, or Real-time gross settlement systems. Furthermore, this system counts on the available electronic transference. It has a objective to transfer high values in real time as well. The results had pointed out that this system still did not bring relevant effects on the behavior of the means of more restricted payments. However, there is a strong trend of replacing conventional means of payments to electronic processed instruments.
The article dwells upon the main economic issues and development of subsurface resource management in the national economy. The question of servitization of subsurface resource management is ...discussed for the first time. The article focuses on the following issues: the mine rent, the necessity to restructure property in subsurface resource management considering corporate relations; managing the system for economic interests of subsurface resource users, the state, and society; optimizing the payment and taxation systems for use of subsurface resources.
More than three years after defaulting on its debt, the Argentine Government has proposed a bond exchange which would see its investors losing about 70% of their initial investments. Whatever the ...exact outcome of the operation, it already illustrates the weaknesses of the contractual approach to handling sovereign defaults. Given the coordination problems faced by private investors, the Argentine authorities were able to refuse any constructive and sincere negotiation. However, the scope for resisting such an noncooperative strategy is in fact limited: the threat of court action was over-estimated and no arbiter or institutional monitor has emerged able of replacing the IMF. The absence of a binding link between private renegotiation and multilateral instruments for policy monitoring considerably reduces the leverage of the Fund on the overall process. This confirms the relative decline of the IMF in the new “international financial architecture”. Furthermore, if the contractual approach may attain its objectives for “small” defaults, then several accidents as occurred in Argentina could well lead to a dead-end, requiring more institutional and political responses.
The principle of restructuring sovereign bond issues via an appeal to collective action clauses, in a contractual manner, seems likely to become general usage. This follows the rejection of the ...International Monetary Fund’s proposal to create a “bankruptcy law for sovereign debtors”. Such clauses are both flexible and not very restrictive. But they do not settle the major issues involved in crisis management: i.e. coordination among the bearers of public debt, the relationship between such claims and the IMF, the link between financial negotiation and economic policy commitments by the country in question.
An influential school of thought views the current international monetary and financial system as Bretton Woods reborn. Today, like 40 years ago, the international monetary system is composed of a ...core, which has the exorbitant privilege of issuing the currency used as international reserves, and a periphery, which is committed to export led growth based on the maintenance of an undervalued exchange rate. Then as now there is the same old core, the United States, but a new periphery, Asia. This view suggests that the current pattern of international settlements can be maintained indefinitely. In particular, there is no reason why the dollar must fall, since there is no need for balance of payments adjustment, and since the Asian countries will resist appreciation of their currencies of the greenback. In this paper I argue that this image of a new Bretton Woods System confuses the incentives that confront individual countries with those that confront groups of countries. It also overlooks important ways in which the world has changed since 1960. This alternative model suggests that if there indeed exists something resembling the Bretton Woods System, it does not have long to run.
In the months which followed the exit from the currency board, the Argentine economy was confronted with a major monetary crisis, menacing the survival of its national currency. The strategy to ...“pesify” the economy, which was decided in February 2002, has succeeded technically. In particular, the slowing of inflation reveals a considerable adjustment of relative prices, which should support the development of the export sector.
A European Voice at the IMF Bowles, Carlos; Benassy-Quere, Agnès
La Lettre du CEPII,
2002/10
216
Journal Article
The IMF membership quotas are to be re-examined in early 2003, which could allow member countries to reconsider the representation of the European Union. At present, the breakdown of constituencies ...dilutes Europe’s voting power, despite efforts made to achieve coordination. Various scenarios are possible.
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