TTIP Regulatory Cooperation Herwig, Alexia
European journal of risk regulation,
06/2016, Letnik:
7, Številka:
2
Journal Article
Recenzirano
The leaked TTIP documents reveal that the EU and US are discussing the introduction of a detailed set of procedural requirements for the adoption of regulatory measures. Default provisions are set ...forth in the chapter on regulatory cooperation, applicable to goods and services. More specific provisions are being negotiated in the chapters on technical barriers to trade and on sanitary and phytosanitary measures. If they conflict with the regulatory cooperation chapter, they prevail. This article analyses the regulatory cooperation chapter insofar as it pertains to trade in goods but to the exclusion of SPS matters and anything provided in the TBT chapter itself. The questions this article examines are to what extent the TTIP proposals expand upon the obligations the two parties have already taken on under WTO law and to what extent the resulting regulatory coordination is consistent withWTO law. It will be shown that the US proposals on procedure may constrain substantive regulatory discretion beyond what applies under the GATT and TBT Agreement of the WTO. It will alsobe shown that the needs to conduct trade impact assessments and a detailed explanation of the necessity of measures anticipate a legal challenge to necessity and will provide information of much use to complainants in meeting their burden of proof.
The May 2016 leak of draft texts produced within the context of the on–going Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership negotiations has provided an interesting insight into the positions of the ...EU and US with regard to different dimensions of regulatory cooperation, with some chapters being complete or near completion (as other articles in this mini–symposium discuss), and others still in a more rudimentary format. One such field of regulation, covered in the leaked ‘Tactical State of Play’ document, covers geographical indicators (hereafter GIs). However, this coverage is very brief, stating that ‘discussions focused on the preparation of an intersessional discussion prior to the next round’. GIs, marks identifying the geographical origin, and by extension (so the argument goes) quality of goods, have continued to be a source of consternation in international trade regulation, with states unable to see eye–to–eye on how they should be protected, if at all.
This paper builds on an implicit assumption of resource mobilisation theory in order to explain why civil society organisations stay on policy bandwagons. It demonstrates that, after the initial ...decision to engage with a policy issue, organisational maintenance explains ongoing contestation better than the structural factors which encourage them to get involved. It also adds three new findings which contribute to the existing literature on attention cascades: (1) at the actor level, the effect of salience on contestation is often short-lived; (2) organisational maintenance encourages factionalisation within groups of like-minded policy opponents; and (3) that survival strategies adapted to domestic political opportunity structures can limit CSOs' capacity to participate in European policy debates. The argument is tested using measures of network centrality from an online forum (Twitter) as a predictor for ongoing participation in campaigns against the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership. The findings are of immediate relevance to trade scholars seeking to understand the reactions of civil society organisations to contestation; interest group scholars focused on the determinants of issue prioritisation; and EU integration scholars seeking to explain variation in the domestication of EU policy issues.
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Although the selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NOx is the most effective way to reduce related emissions, the V2O5-WO3/TiO2 catalyst which is most used for this purpose has a ...narrow operation temperature range of 300–400 °C and, therefore, has limited applicability. Hence, better catalysts with more abundant active sites and a wider range of acceptable temperatures (240–450 °C) are required, especially because heating at ≥350 °C allows for removal of ammonium sulfate, a catalyst poison that is formed during SCR. Herein, we aim to produce such catalysts by treating the TiO2 support with titanium isopropoxide (TTIP) at several TTIP/TiO2 mass ratios, as this treatment is expected to increase the number of catalytically active sites and facilitate the dispersal of active materials. The optimal performance, which was observed for the catalyst prepared at a TTIP loading of 5 wt%, was ascribed to the increased thermal stability caused by the high extent of W dispersion and the formation of V4+ by the reaction of V5+ with surface Ti3+. Therefore, these results pave the way for the fabrication of more efficient NOx removal catalysts.
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► Fabricating a self-cleaning and superhydrophilic wool. ► Enhancing the self-cleaning function in wool fabrics. ► Evaluating the role of silica and its concentration.
Wool fabrics ...were functionalised using TiO2 and TiO2/SiO2 nanocomposites through a low-temperature sol–gel method. Titanium terta isopropoxide (TTIP) and tetra ethylorthosilicate (TEOS) were employed as precursors of TiO2 and SiO2, respectively. Nanocomposite sols were devised based on three molar ratio percentages of TiO2/SiO2 70:30, 50:50, and 30:70 to investigate the role of each component. The self-cleaning and hydrophilicity of wool fabrics were analysed based on the removal of coffee stain under UV and water droplet contact angle measurements, respectively. It was observed that applying TiO2/SiO2 50:50 and 30:70 sols to wool rendered the fabric superhydrophilic. Fabrics functionalised with TiO2/SiO2 30:70 showed the highest efficiency in stain removal, followed by samples functionalised with TiO2/SiO2 50:50.
With transparency for EU trade negotiations becoming a high-profile topic this past decade, its connection with EU inter-institutional politics has become more consequential. In response to the ...changed role of the European Parliament and the need to better inform the public debate, the European Commission has significantly reformed its transparency policy for trade negotiations. At the same time however, an institutional process of informalisation at the EU level has enfolded. This study uses process-tracing methodology to determine how the increased transparency caused this informalisation in the case of the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership negotiations. It thereby seeks to uncover a widely-occurring yet surprisingly underexplored process of institutional change that follows from increased transparency. Contrary to earlier accounts of correlations between transparency and informalisation, the author finds that both concepts are not necessarily contradictory. Instead, informality can in fact contribute to transparency goals and help legitimise decision-making.
This paper aims to examine the debate surrounding negotiations of the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP). The EU and US began negotiations for this comprehensive commercial ...agreement in July 2013 and have still not reached consensus. This article aims to assess the possibility of resuming talks on this sensitive topic in light of the current administration in the White House, or of the European Union potentially shifting its attention to other global partners, in a period when it is visibly undergoing a number of internal crises.
TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) have been synthesized by employing the pure and special sol-gel approach with different precursors viz. micro-sized TiO2 powder, TiCl4 (Titanium tetrachloride) and TTIP ...(Titanium isopropoxide). The synthesized NPs were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Field emission-scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), UV–Vis spectrographic analysis and Photoluminescence spectrographic analysis. The XRD results show single anatase phase for all the precursor-based samples. The characterizations results lead to originate that the TiCl4 precursor based TiO2 NPs are the finest NPs with admirable results. No phase transformation was observed in micro-sized TiO2 precursor-based NPs even after annealed at various temperatures (300 °C, 600 °C, and 900 °C). The TiCl4 precursor-based NPs were used for water treatment with UV radiation exposure and treated water samples were analysed with UV–visible spectrographic technique. Further, micro-sized and TiCl4 precursor based TiO2 NPs were also used in fabricating dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC).
•Micro-sized TiO2, TiCl4 and TTIP precursors are used to synthesized pure anatase phase of TiO2 NPs.•Quantum size crystallites with wide band gap TiO2 NPs is prepared with TiCl4.•TiO2 NPs derived from TiCl4 precursor is applied in water treatment method.•Prototype of DSSCs devices is proposed with various combination of TiO2 NPs and natural dyes.
•Energy-enhanced ALD allows for a wider choice of precursors.•More stable precursors allow for higher deposition temperatures to be reached.•Energy-enhanced ALD enables low-temperature, and even ...room-temperature, ALD.•Good to fair films can be deposited at room temperature with energy-enhanced ALD.
Atomic layer deposition (ALD) is a popular deposition technique comprising two or more sequential, self-limiting surface reactions, which make up an ALD cycle. Energy-enhanced ALD is an evolution of traditional thermal ALD methods, whereby energy is supplied to a gas in situ in order to convert a traditional thermal ALD co-reactant to a highly reactive species with short-term stability. Therefore, energy-enhanced ALD encompasses plasma-enhanced ALD and ozone-based ALD techniques. In this article, we aim to provide insight into precursor considerations, such that the advantages of energy-enhanced ALD can be exploited. The examples of such advantages are that a wider variety of precursors can be used, and that deposition temperatures down to room temperature with a high growth-per-cycle can be employed. The precursor freedom is demonstrated here by Ti compounds of the general formula Ti(Cpx)L3 (Cpx=alkyl-substituted η5-cyclopentadienyl, L=OMe, OiPr or NMe2). Such heteroleptic cyclopentadienyl complexes allow for improved volatility by preventing oligomerisation and offering improved thermal stability, thereby leading to a longer storage life in bubblers and allowing for ALD at higher deposition temperatures than with analogous homoleptic precursors. However, experimental data show that Ti(Cpx)L3 compounds are not reactive with water during ALD but do react with plasmas and ozone. Density Functional Theory calculations suggest that this is because chemisorption is prevented by the steric hindrance of the cyclopentadienyl ligand. Further processing versatility afforded by energy-enhanced ALD is also observed with depositions at low temperatures (<200°C) and even room temperature. Such low temperatures are often not considered viable for thermal ALD as there is insufficient thermal energy to drive reactions, resulting in low growth per cycle values and relatively high film contamination. The high reactivity of plasmas and ozone allows the deposition of good to fair quality films at low temperatures with a high growth-per-cycle, exemplified by Al(CH3)32 (TMA) and Al(CH3)2(OiPr)2 (DMAI) aluminium precursors. The considerations required for energy-enhanced room-temperature ALD (RT-ALD) are also presented here, using Al2O3, SiO2 and TiO2, from TMA, SiH2(NEt2)2 (BDEAS) and Ti(OiPr)4 (TTIP), as examples. The essential criterion is that incoming metalorganic precursors and co-reactant gases must be reactive with the surface groups at room temperature. As long as this is met, then further desirable conditions for RT-ALD are a high precursor vapour pressure and short purge times. Using these examples, the advantages of energy-enhanced ALD with respect to precursor choices are highlighted.
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