Lakes have an important role in storing water for drinking, producing hydroelectric power, and environmental, agricultural, and industrial uses. In order to optimize the use of lakes, precise ...prediction of the lake water level (LWL) is a main issue in water resources management. Due to the existence of nonlinear relations, uncertainty, and characteristics of the time series variables, the exact prediction of the lake water level is difficult. In this study the hybrid support vector regression (SVR) and the grey wolf algorithm (GWO) are used to predict lake water level fluctuations. Also, three types of data preprocessing methods, namely Principal component analysis, Random forest, and Relief algorithm were used for finding the best input variables for prediction LWL by the SVR and SVR-GWO models. Before the LWL simulation on monthly time step using the hybrid model, an evolutionary approach based on different monthly lags was conducted for determining the best mask of the input variables. Results showed that based on the random forest method, the best scenario of the inputs was Xt−1, Xt−2, Xt−3, Xt−4 for the SVR-GWO model. Also, the performance of the SVR-GWO model indicated that it could simulate the LWL with acceptable accuracy (with RMSE = 0.08 m, MAE = 0.06 m, and R2 = 0.96).
The Hyalella species diversity in the high-altitude water bodies of the Andean Altiplano is addressed using mitochondrial cox1 sequences and implementing different molecular species delimitation ...criteria. We have recorded the presence of five major genetic lineages in the Altiplano, of which one seems to be exclusive to Lake Titicaca and nearby areas, whereas the rest occur also in other regions of South America. Eleven out of 36 South American entities diagnosed by molecular delimitation criteria in our study are likely endemic to the Titicaca and neighbouring water bodies. We have detected a remarkable disagreement between morphology and genetic data in the Titicacan Hyalella, with occurrence of several cases of the same morpho-species corresponding to several Molecular Operational Taxonomic Units (MOTUs), some even distantly related, and other instances where a particular MOTU is shared by a morphologically heterogeneous array of species, including species with body smooth and others with body heavily armoured. Species diversification and incongruence between morphological and molecular boundaries within this species assemblage may be associated to the sharp changes in hydrological conditions experienced by the water bodies of the Altiplano in the past, which included dramatic fluctuations in water level and salinity of Lake Titicaca. Such environmental shifts could have triggered rapid morphological changes and ecological differentiation within the Hyalella assemblage, followed by phenotypic convergence among the diverse lineages. Factors such as phenotypic plasticity, incomplete lineage sorting or admixture between divergent lineages might lie also at the root of the morphological-genetic incongruence described herein.
In Andean communities, many families whose livelihoods depend on farming and raising livestock are exposed to increasing degradation of their ecosystem and to food insecurity. The objective of this ...paper is to examine the extent to which families use migration strategies, based on multi residence and migratory circulation, to diversity their sources of income and mitigate the consequences of ecological degradation on their living conditions. The results are part of a socio-demographic research conducted in 2015 and 2016, which focused on domestic strategies for addressing environmental problems in a sample of 203 families living in five high Andean communities around Lake Titicaca. Most of families have migrant members and young adults between ages 20 and 35 represent the largest number of them. Nevertheless, their departure does not constitute an explicit form of adaptation to the ecological degradation. The quest for better conditions and opportunities in urban territories as well as interests related to their life stage and cycle, are the main determinants of their migration decisions. Despite the ecological problems affecting families, the desire for personal autonomy of the migrants is the main impetus for migration and there is no family organization based on multi residence and circular migration as an explicit livelihood for adaptation to environmental deterioration in rural areas.
A indústria do turismo no Peru gera aproximadamente 1.1 milhão de empregos e contribui com 3.3% do PIB, o que a torna uma de suas principais atividades econômicas, portanto o turismo não é mais ...apenas uma atividade comercial mas é uma ferramenta para o desenvolvimento da população peruana, especialmente nas regiões com alto índice de pobreza e muitas atrações turísticas como é o caso da região de Puno com uma taxa de pobreza de 24.2% localizada no sul do país e com muitas atrações históricas, naturais, cultural e gastronômico. O objetivo desta pesquisa é modelar a procura de turistas internacionais que visitam Puno utilizando a metodologia ARIMA de Box-Jenkins, para este estudo considera informações mensais de chegadas de turistas internacionais entre os anos 2003 e 2017. Finalmente, usando estatísticas MAPE, Z, R, Critério de Informação de Akaike (AIC) e Critério de Schwarz (SC) se encontrou ao modelo SARIMA (6, 1, 24)(1, 0, 1)12 como o mais eficiente para a modelação e previsão da procura do Turismo Internacional na região de Puno.
Abstract
Lake Titicaca, in the High Andes of Perú and Bolivia, harbours the world's third most speciose ancient-lake amphipod radiation on record. A minimum of nineteen species of Hyalella derived ...from at least five independent colonization episodes concentrate in this high altitude water body, although the actual species number present has not yet been established and could be much higher. Herein, we take advantage of the description of three new species (H. krolli, H. gonzalezi, and H. hirsuta) and the re-description of other two (H. solida and H. nefrens) to assess the feasibility of adopting a dna-based identification approach to resolve the magnitude of this highly speciose amphipod assemblage. A Bayesian phylogenetic analysis of the evolutionary relationships among South American Hyalella cox1 haplotypes, including those of four out of the five species dealt with herein, shows a great disagreement between taxonomic units delimited under morphological and genetic data, hampering species identification exclusively based on cox1 dna barcode sequences.
The objective of this study was to analyze gross motor development in preschoolers on the islands of Lake Titicaca,considering the variables sex and age. The study corresponds to the ...descriptive-comparative cross-sectional design. 57 preschoolchildren (31 boys and 26 girls, age M = 5.0, TD = .54) from the islands of Amantaní, Taquile and Uros, located in the province of Puno(Peru), at an altitude of 3810 m.a.s.l. participated. TGMD-2, Spanish version (reproducibility of .82) was used. The results show anaverage gross motor development (50.9%), with an age equivalent to six years (M = 6.0, TD = .82), one year above its chronological age(M = 5.0, TD = .54). Differences were found between islands (p = .01 <.05). No gender differences were found in gross motordevelopment (p = .15> .05) or in locomotion development (p = .74> .05), but in object control (p = .00 <.05). , as well as in age (p = .00<.05). It is concluded that the preschoolers present an average gross motor development with an equivalent age of one year older thantheir chronological age, of which preschool children from Taquile stand out by presenting a higher – above average development, with anequivalent age of one year and nine months older than their chronological age, being superior to those of Amantaní and Uros, who presentan average development and a lower equivalent age. Women show more development than men only in object control. Those of four yearspresent more development than those of five.
El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar el desarrollo motor grueso en preescolares de las islas del lago Titicaca, considerandolas variables sexo y edad. El estudio corresponde al diseño transversal descriptivo-comparativo. Participaron 57 niños de etapa preescolar(31 varones y 26 mujeres; edad M=5.0, DT= .54) de las islas de Amantaní, Taquile y Uros, localizadas en la provincia de Puno (Perú),a una altitud de 3810 m s. n. m. Se utilizó el TGMD-2, versión en español (reproductividad de .82). Los resultados demuestran undesarrollo motor grueso promedio (50.9%), con una edad equivalente a seis años (M=6.0, DT= .82), un año por encima de su edadcronológica (M=5.0, DT= .54). Se encontraron diferencias entre islas (p= .01< .05). No se encontraron diferencias de género en eldesarrollo motor grueso (p= .15> .05) ni en el de locomoción (p= .74> .05), pero sí en control de objetos (p= .00< .05), al igual que en edad(p= .00< .05). Se concluye en que los preescolares presentan un desarrollo motor grueso promedio con una edad equivalente de un añomayor a su edad cronológica, de los que destacan preescolares de Taquile al presentar un desarrollo superior-por encima del promedio, conuna edad equivalente de un año y nueve meses mayor a su edad cronológica, siendo superior a los de Amantaní y Uros, quienes presentanun desarrollo promedio y edad equivalente menor. Las mujeres presentan mayor desarrollo que los varones solo en control de objetos. Losde cuatro años presentan mayor desarrollo que los de cinco.
The mining activity in Peru is of long standing and its existence begins with the times and cultures pre Incas, Inca, colonial and the own Republic. This is due to the existence of deposits and ...important mineral resources distributed throughout the Peruvian territory. This paper reports a study focusing sediment profiles (LKS-1, LKS-2 and LKS-3) and water samples collected in Ramis River that is located in Ananea District, Puno Department, in southern Peru at the northern section of Titicaca slope. The CF:CS
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Pb chronological model allowed determine sedimentation rates useful for evaluating the history of the heavy metals contamination over the past 150 years in that mountainous area of the Peruvian Altiplano. The maximum concentration of As, Cr, Cu and Zn was, respectively, 400, 93, 93 and 20 ppm (LKS-1); 120, 95, 98 and 20 ppm (LKS-2); 98, 98, 87 and 40 ppm (LKS-3). Two linear sedimentation rates were identified in each profile along Ramis River: 0.14 and 0.15 cm/year (LKS-1); 0.33 and 0.21 cm/year (LKS-2); 0.31 and 0.24 cm/year (LKS-3). The respective deposition times were: LKS-1 = 76 and 177 years; LKS-2 = 85 and 130 years; LKS-3 = 86 and 144 years. Possible events related to the different rates would be the degradation of the native forest by anthropic actions, characterized by the activities of overturning and burning to carry out forest plantations, as well active processes taking place in the region like the urban growth.
The present study was performed to investigate the effects of nitrogen and phosphorus biofertilizers on seed germination, growth, and some biochemical indices of quinoa seedlings (Sajama and Titicaca ...cultivars) under drought stress. Therefore, a three-factor factorial experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with three replications in 2019. The experimental treatments were two cultivars of Sajama and Titicaca as the first factor, four levels of drought stress (control, -0.4, -0.8, and -1.2 MPa) as the second factor, and four levels of nitrogen and phosphorus biofertilizers (control, nitroxin, biophosphorus, and a combination of nitroxin and biophosphorus) as the third factor. Experimental results showed that all measured biochemical characteristics, such as proline content, soluble sugar content, and malondialdehyde content, increased significantly in severe drought stress (drought level of -1.2 MPa) compared to other drought levels for both quinoa cultivars. On the other hand, the germination percentage, germination rate, seedling length, and dry weight of seedling indices had decreased under the application of drought stress. The values of germination rate, seedling length, and seedling dry weight indices had decreased equal to 33, 46, and 51% in the application of severe drought stress than the control treatment for Sajama cultivar and equal to 16, 42, and 39% for Titicaca cultivar, respectively. Further, simultaneous inoculation of seeds with nitroxin and biophosphorus fertilizers was reduced the effects of drought stress on the studied traits in both cultivars compared to no application of biofertilizers..
Resumen Los productos de precipitación satelital (PPS), proporcionan una fuente alternativa para aplicaciones hidrometeorológicas principalmente en áreas donde los datos de precipitación son ...limitados. Sin embargo, es necesario evaluar los PPS para cuantificar la incertidumbre en la estimación de la precipitación. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar el desempeño de los PPS GSMaP-G-NRT, PERSIANN-CCS, PERSIANN-CDR y PERSIANN sobre la cuenca del Lago Titicaca (CLT). Para la evaluación de los PPS se utilizaron tres métricas de desempeño que evaluaron la precisión (coeficiente de correlación, CC), error (raíz del error cuadrático medio, RMSE) y sesgo (sesgo porcentual, PBIAS). Los resultados indican que PERSIANN-CDR y PERSIANN-CCS son los productos que muestran una mayor concordancia con las mediciones de pluviómetros, pero con un gran sesgo para PERSIANN-CCS. Los hallazgos proporcionan una idea del rendimiento de PPS en la CLT que contribuye a posibles direcciones de mejora de los algoritmos para un mejor servicio en aplicaciones hidrometeorológicas.
Abstract Satellite precipitation products (PPS) provide an alternative source for hydrometeorological applications mainly in areas where precipitation data is limited. However, it is necessary to evaluate the PPS to quantify the uncertainty in the precipitation estimate. This study aimed to evaluate the performance of the PPS GSMaP-G-NRT, PERSIANN-CCS, PERSIANN-CDR and PERSIANN over the Lake Titicaca basin (CLT). For the evaluation of the PPS, three performance metrics were used that evaluated the precision (correlation coefficient, CC), error (root mean square error, RMSE) and bias (percentage bias, PBIAS). The results indicate that PERSIANN-CDR and PERSIANN-CCS are the products that show a greater agreement with the measurements of rain gauges, but with a great bias for PERSIANN-CCS. The findings provide insight into the performance of PPS in the CLT that contributes to possible directions for improvement of the algorithms for better service in hydrometeorological applications.
Accurate precipitation measurements are very important as an input for water resources management and various hydrometeorological applications. The Integrated Multi-Satellite Retrievals for Global ...Precipitation Measurement (GPM) (IMERG) satellite precipitation product (SPP) has been widely used to complement rain gauge measurements. However, it must be evaluated before use and also its application is still lacking in the lake Titicaca basin (LTB). In this research, the evaluation of the performance of GPM IMERG on the LTB at different time scales (daily, monthly and annual) was carried out. The evaluation was performed using rain gauge observations for the period 2003–2016 and three IMERGs, namely early (IMERG-E), late (IMERG-L), and final (IMERG-F). Accordingly, three performance metrics were used that evaluated the accuracy (correlation coefficient, CC), error (root mean square error, RMSE), and bias (percent bias, PBIAS) of the satellite estimates. In general, the monthly IMERG SPP correlated best with the rain gauge measurements. In all the evaluations performed (daily, monthly, and annual), the IMERG-F was in better agreement with the rain gauge measurements at the LTB, with small differences with IMERG-E and IMERG-L. The IMERG SPPs show potential for use in various hydrometeorological applications in the LTB.
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