Local Ecological Knowledge (LEK) is fast disappearing globally but the drivers of this loss are not fully understood. We present a a case study of how even long-standing and regulated forms of LEK ...are vulnerable to erosion as market forces spread to regions which have historically been peripheral to global markets.We consider changes in knowledge and use of a cultural keystone species, totora, in the Altiplano of Bolivia and Peru around Lake Titicaca. Totora has been used for a variety of purposes and historically its cultivation and planting was regulated by village co-operative councils, called
ayllus
. We argue that a significant decline in the use of totora in the Altiplano along with the disappearance of the regulatory power of
ayllus
have primarily been driven by the integration of the Altiplano into the global market system, which has led to the replacement of totora with industrially manufactured goods, such as plastics and concrete. It has also undermined social bonds as individuals rather than the ayllu become the fundamental agents of economic decision-making.
The Late Formative period immediately precedes the emergence of Tiwanaku, one of the earliest South American states, yet it is one of themost poorly understood periods in the southern Lake Titicaca ...Basin (Bolivia). In this article, we refine the ceramic chronology of this period with large sets of dates from eight sites, focusing on temporal inflection points in decorated ceramic styles. These points, estimated here by Bayesian models, index specific moments of change: (1) cal AD 120 (60–170, 95% probability): the first deposition of Kalasasaya red-rimmed and zonally incised styles; (2) cal AD 240 (190–340, 95% probability): a tentative estimate of the final deposition of Kalasasaya zonally incised vessels; (3) cal AD 420 (380–470, 95% probability): the final deposition of Kalasasaya red-rimmed vessels; and (4) cal AD 590 (500–660, 95% probability): the first deposition of Tiwanaku Redwares. These four modeled boundaries anchor an updated Late Formative chronology, which includes the Initial Late Formative phase, a newly identified decorative hiatus between the Middle and Late Formative periods. The models place Qeya and transitional vessels between inflection points 3 and 4 based on regionally consistent stratigraphic sequences. Thismore precise chronology will enable researchers to explore the trajectories of other contemporary shifts during this crucial period in Lake Titicaca Basin's prehistory.
El período Formativo tardío precede inmediatamente a la emergencia de Tiwanaku, uno de los estados más antiguos de Sudamérica, sin embargo, es una de las épocasmenos comprendidas de la cuenca sur del Lago Titicaca (Bolivia). En este trabajo refinamos la cronología cerámica de este período con amplios conjuntos de fechados de ocho sitios y nos enfocamos en los puntos de inflexión temporales de los estilos de cerámica decorada. Estos puntos, estimados con modelos de Bayes, marcan momentos de cambio específicos: (1) 120 cal dC (60–170, 95% probabilidad): primera deposición de estilosKalasasaya de borde rojo e inciso sectorizado; (2) 240 cal dC (190–340, 95% probabilidad): una estimación tentativa de la deposición final de vasijas de Kalasasaya inciso sectorizado; (3) 420 cal dC (380–470, 95% probabilidad): deposición final de vasijas de Kalasasaya de borde rojo; y (4) 590 cal DC (500–660, 95% probabilidad): primera deposición de los "redwares" tiwanacotos. Estos cuatro límites modelados anclan una cronología actualizada del Formativo tardío que incluye la fase del Formativo tardío inicial, un hiato decorativo identificado recientemente entre los períodos del Formativo medio y tardío. Estos modelos ubican a Qeya y a las vasijas transicionales entre los puntos de inflexión 3 y 4 a partir de secuencias estratigráficas consistentes regionalmente. Esta cronología más precisa permitirá a los investigadores explorar las trayectorias de otros cambios contemporáneos durante este período crucial en la prehistoria de la cuenca del Lago Titicaca.
RESUMEN Las aves que habitan en la cuenca del Titicaca tienen una amplia distribución que comprende, cordilleras, pajonales de puna y el Lago Titicaca reconocido por la Convención Ramsar como Humedal ...de Importancia Internacional. En el presente trabajo se han registrado 135 especies comprendidas en 17 órdenes 33 familias y 83 géneros. Con respecto a la estacionalidad, 95 especies son residentes y 40 provienen de otras latitudes, de las cuales 17 especies son migratorias neárticas, 10 especies migratorias australes, y 13 especies realizan migraciones verticales desde los Andes peruanos hacia la región costera. Por el tiempo que pasan en la mayor parte de los ambientes, 81 especies son terrestres, 45 acuáticas y 9 en vuelo. Los resultados obtenidos han determinado que las especies de aves residentes pasan todo el año en la cuenca del Titicaca: las migratorias nearticas desde setiembre a marzo, las migratorias australes entre abril a agosto y las que realizan migraciones altitudinales hacia la región costera, de mayo a agosto
In this study, the LST MODIS product (v006, level 3) which provides the daytime and nighttime land surface temperature was used to evaluate the space-temporal variation of the water surface ...temperature (LWST) of Lake Titicaca, during the period 2000–2020. The Mann-Kendall tests and the Sen's method were applied to determine the statistical significance and the rates of change of the maximum air and water temperatures.
The results show that the average annual LWST cycles of Lake Titicaca fluctuate between 12.3°C (August) and 13.8°C (April) in region A (Major Lake), and between 10.6°C (July) and 14.8°C (November) in region B (Minor Lake).
In addition, there is a general increasing trend of the average LWST during the coldest time (winter) of the year, with more intense warming effects in some shallow areas and in coastal areas. In Major Lake, the significant increasing trend of daytime and nighttime LWST was maintained at a rate of 0.30 0.14, 0.40°C/decade and 0.34 0.18, 0.45°C/decade respectively. Also, the maximum local air temperature trend during the austral winter (JJA) shows a significant increasing trend of 0.52 0.16, 0.87°C/decade between 1983 and 2013. This fact could be responsible for the change in trend in the surface temperature of Lake Titicaca.
•Daytime and nighttime MODIS LST data over Lake Titicaca were obtained from 2000 to 2020.•Season (winter) trends of daytime and nighttime LST were computed using Sen's method.•Lake Titicaca temperature show a warming based on daytime and nighttime MODIS LST measurements.
Ichthyophonus infection was first detected in Peruvian Oncorhynchus mykiss in 1986, but the occurrence of ichthyophonosis disease in the region is unknown. This study investigated the presence and ...distribution of Ichthyophonus sp. in Peruvian rainbow trout using traditional and DNA sequencing tools. Between 2007 and 2008, 205 rainbow trout from 13 hatcheries in the Mantaro river basin were examined for the presence of Ichthyophonus, and at that time only 3 farms were positive. This early study confirmed the presence of Ichthyophonus sp. in the Tranca Grande lagoon for the first time, at a prevalence of 50%. In 2012, examination of 240 trout from 24 fish farms in 2 Peruvian Departments found 9 infected farms. More recently, in 2018, Ichthyophonus sp. was found in Lake Titicaca, infecting a trout in the Ichu area (in the Department of Puno). Our molecular analysis of the infected trout showed that ichthyophonosis disease in the Peruvian trout was caused by Ichthyophonus sp. Clade C. The finding of this pathogen in Lake Titicaca should be an alert for nearby farms and entities dealing with fish of economic importance in the rivers of Peru.
The impact of climate change on droughts in the Lake Titicaca, Desaguadero River, and Lake Poopo basins (TDPS system) within the Altiplano region was evaluated by comparing projected 2034–2064 and ...observed 1984–2014 hydroclimate time series. The study used bias-corrected monthly climate projections from the fifth phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5), under the Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5 (RCP8.5) emission scenarios. Meteorological, agricultural, and hydrological droughts were analyzed from the standardized precipitation, standardized soil moisture, and standardized runoff indices, respectively, the latter two estimated from a hydrological model. Under scenarios of mean temperature increases up to 3 °C and spatially diverse precipitation changes, our results indicate that meteorological, agricultural, and hydrological droughts will become more intense, frequent, and prolonged in most of the TDPS. A significant increase in the frequency of short-term agricultural and hydrological droughts (duration of 1–2 months) is also projected. The expected decline in annual rainfall and the larger evapotranspiration increase in the southern TDPS combine to yield larger projected rises in the frequency and intensity of agricultural and hydrological droughts in this region.
In this study, the energy, exergy and yield is calculated for two cultivars of quinoa (Sajama and Titicaca) production. The result shows that the energy consumption, exergy consumption, energy ...efficiency, and exergy efficiency for producing quinoa are calculated to be 10,932.34 MJ/ton, 14,6940 MJ/ton, 141.32% and 15.9% in Sajama cultivar and 6,442.42 MJ/ton, 98,243.6 MJ/ton, 215.3% and 20.6% in Titicaca cultivar, respectively. The grain yield of Titicaca cultivar is higher, although its growth duration is less as compared to Sajama cultivar. The combined application of bio-fertilizer with chemical fertilizers give the highest growth duration, grain yield, 1000-seed weight, biological yield and harvest index, when compared with the sole application of fertilizer and no fertilizer. Nitrogen fertilizer consumes the highest amount of total energy inputs followed by irrigation water and diesel fuel for quinoa production. About 97.5% of total input exergy consumed in quinoa production is water irrigation. Thus, it is clear that decrease in the use of irrigation water decreases the environmental impact and increases sustainability and vice versa. In pursuit of sustainable agriculture goals, Titicaca cultivar could be introduced as advanced cultivar in saline and drought stressed fields as a crop with high potential yield and nutritional value.
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•We studied copper (Cu) and silver (Ag) deposition in lake sediment.•Two sediment cores from Lake Titicaca provide a ∼2400 years history of metallurgy.•Pb isotopic fingerprinting ...allowed identifying ore sources in the central Andes.•Tiwanaku copper mining was performed by smelting of local ores.•Late intermediate, Inca and Colonial mining was performed in the Potosi region.
Copper, silver, and gold exploitation has been a foundation of economic and socio-cultural development of Andean societies, at least for the last three millennia. The main centers of pre-colonial metallurgy are well-known from archeological artifacts, but temporal gaps inherent in this record handicap a finer understanding of the modalities of ore exploitation by succeeding civilizations. A continuous record over time of trace metals emitted during ore smelting operations make lake sediments excellent candidates to fill those gaps. Two millennia of metallurgy were reconstructed from atmospherically derived metals together with lead (Pb) isotope ratios in two dated sediment cores from Lake Titicaca. The first evidence for metallurgy is found during the apogee of the Tiwanaku state (AD 800–1150), with a higher copper (Cu) accumulation that can be attributed to the smelting of local Cu ores, based on Pb isotopic fingerprinting. During the Late Intermediate Period (AD 1150–1450), recorded peaks in metal deposition that persisted for ∼ twenty years show that mining activities were intensive but discontinuous. Pb isotope ratios suggest diversified extractive activities, mainly located in the southern part of the central Altiplano. Finally, the most intense mining epoch began during the Inca Empire (ca. AD 1500) and lasted until the end of the Colonial Period (AD 1830), with unprecedented metal deposition over this interval. Pb isotope fingerprinting shows that mining operations occurred mainly in the Lake Titicaca and Potosi areas and were responsible for metal emissions recorded in the entire Altiplano, as evidenced by other studies.
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•The Hyalella amphipod species cloud of ancient Lake Titicaca is polyphyletic.•Lake Titicaca was colonized at least 5 times independently.•Evolutionary radiation occurred within Lake ...Titicaca in two primarily endemic clades.•The dispersal history is complex, including migrations out of the lake.
Ancient lakes are renowned for their exceptional diversity of endemic species. As model systems for the study of sympatric speciation, it is necessary to understand whether a given hypothesized species flock is of monophyletic or polyphyletic origin. Here, we present the first molecular characterization of the Hyalella (Crustacea: Amphipoda) species complex of Lake Titicaca, using COI and 28S DNA sequences, including samples from the connected Small and Large Lakes that comprise Lake Titicaca as well as from a broader survey of southern South American sites. At least five evolutionarily distant lineages are present within Lake Titicaca, which were estimated to have diverged from one another 12–20 MYA. These major lineages are dispersed throughout the broader South American Hyalella phylogeny, with each lineage representing at least one independent colonization of the lake. Moreover, complex genetic relationships are revealed between Lake Titicaca individuals and those from surrounding water bodies, which may be explained by repeated dispersal into and out of the lake, combined with parallel intralacustrine diversification within two separate clades. Although further work in deeper waters will be required to determine the number of species present and modes of diversification, our results strongly indicate that this amphipod species cloud is polyphyletic with a complex geographic history.
Iran has been faced to drought during last decades, and one way to overcome this phenomenon is to improve the water productivity by introducing new crops tolerant to water stresses such as quinoa. ...Two‐year field experiment was performed to find out the response of quinoa (cv. Titicaca) to deficit irrigation imposed at different growing stages. Hence, the effect of full irrigation (100% irrigation water requirement) and deficit irrigation (50% full irrigation) on physiological parameters, yield, irrigation water productivity and root density of quinoa was investigated during 2016 and 2017 growing seasons. The result showed that there was a significant difference between all variables in two years. Higher average air temperature in 2017 (2.0°C) resulted in a reduction of seed yield and water productivity (55% and 40% of that obtained in 2016, respectively). Application of deficit irrigation during different growing stages reduced crop height, stomatal conductance and seed yield, while it increased the root length density in both years. In conclusion, flowering stage of quinoa was very sensitive to deficit irrigation, and irrigation at grain filling stage would not help to recover the seed yield. Furthermore, the seed yield was lower than that obtained in other studies performed in other countries using same quinoa cultivar, which could be due to higher amount of applied irrigation water and different phenology under different climatic conditions. A decision on cultivating this crop under semi‐arid conditions has to be made considering limited water resources.
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