Kajian ini dijalankan untuk menjelaskan sebutan vokal tinggi /i/ dan /u/ yang berada pada posisi suku kata akhir tertutup guru berdasarkan analisis teori fonologi generatif dan sosiofonologi, serta ...kesannya terhadap kesalahan ejaan murid. Tiga guru bahasa Melayu Tahun 1 dan 114 murid Tahun 1 di sebuah sekolah di daerah Hulu Langat, Selangor dipilih sebagai responden. Data dikumpulkan menggunakan borang soal selidik, borang maklum balas dan alat perakam dengan menggunakan kaedah kepustakaan dan pemerhatian. Kemudian, data dianalisis secara kualitatif dengan menggunakan (i) teori fonologi generatif dan (ii) faktor sosiofonologi. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahawa terdapat murid yang menggantikan kata yang terdapat vokal tinggi /i/ dan /u/ pada suku kata akhir tertutup sebagai “e” dan “o” dalam penulisan mereka akibat ujaran guru yang membunyikan vokal /i/ dan /u/ pada posisi tersebut sebagai e dan o, masing-masing. Misalnya, kata “arif” diujarkan sebagai a.ref dan “kamarul” diujarkan sebagai ka.mã.rol. Dengan berdasarkan teori fonologi generatif, perubahan ini berlaku disebabkan oleh proses perendahan vokal, iaitu perubahan fitur vokal +tinggi kepada fitur vokal −tinggi dan +ATR. Dari segi sosiofonologi, bahasa seharian yang sering digunakan, masalah gangguan bahasa, dan penggunaan dialek setempat telah mempengaruhi pelaksanaan proses perendahan vokal. Umumnya, kajian ini berusaha mengetengahkan perbezaan penggunaan vokal /i/ dan /u/ dan vokal e dan o kepada murid Tahun 1 untuk mengelakkan kekeliruan dan kesalahan ejaan kata bahasa Melayu secara berterusan.
Facemasks are essential for healthcare workers but characteristics of the voice whilst wearing this personal protective equipment are not well understood. In the present study, we compared acoustic ...voice measures in recordings of sixteen adults producing standardised vocal tasks with and without wearing either a surgical mask or a KN95 mask. Data were analysed for mean spectral levels at 0-1 kHz and 1-8 kHz regions, an energy ratio between 0-1 and 1-8 kHz (LH1000), harmonics-to-noise ratio (HNR), smoothed cepstral peak prominence (CPPS), and vocal intensity. In connected speech there was significant attenuation of mean spectral level at 1-8 kHz region and there was no significant change in this measure at 0-1 kHz. Mean spectral levels of vowel did not change significantly in mask-wearing conditions. LH1000 for connected speech significantly increased whilst wearing either a surgical mask or KN95 mask but no significant change in this measure was found for vowel. HNR was higher in the mask-wearing conditions than the no-mask condition. CPPS and vocal intensity did not change in mask-wearing conditions. These findings implied an attenuation effects of wearing these types of masks on the voice spectra with surgical mask showing less impact than the KN95.
•Crossmodal associations between speech sounds and tastes were studied.•Front (back) vowels increased expected sweetness (bitterness).•Fricative (stop) consonants increased expected sweetness ...(saltiness/bitterness).•Voiceless (voiced) consonants increased expected sweetness/sourness (saltiness/bitterness).•Consonants had a greater influence on taste expectations than did vowels.
Product names can be developed to effectively convey specific sensory attributes to the consumer. Most of the previous research on crossmodal correspondences has shown that people selectively associate words (e.g., ‘Maluma’, ‘Takete’) with taste attributes. To provide practical insights for naming new products in the food industry, it is important to obtain a more nuanced understanding concerning those properties of speech sounds (i.e., vowels, consonants) influencing people’s taste expectations. In this study, we investigated taste-speech sound correspondences by systematically manipulating the vowels and consonants comprising fictitious brand names. Based on the literature on crossmodal correspondences and sound symbolism, we investigated which vowels/consonants contribute more to the association between speech sounds and tastes (sweet/sour/salty/bitter). Across three experiments, we systematically varied vowels (front: ie, back: auo), and affricate consonants (e.g., fricative: fs, stop: pt) as well as voiced/voiceless consonants (e.g., voiced: bd, voiceless: fk). Japanese participants were presented with brand names and had to evaluate the taste that they expected the product to have. The results revealed that: (1) front (back) vowels increased expected sweetness (bitterness), (2) fricative (stop) consonants increased expected sweetness (saltiness/bitterness), (3) voiceless (voiced) consonants increased expected sweetness/sourness (saltiness/bitterness). Moreover, consonants, which were pronounced first in the brand names, exerted a greater influence on expected taste than did the vowels. Taken together, these findings help advance theoretical foundations in sound-taste correspondences research as well as provide practical contributions to the food practitioners to develop predictive product names.
The Parkinson’s disease (PD) is one of the widely seen and most important neurological disorders worldwide. With the development of the technology, many machine learning methods have been presented ...to recognize PD automatically. In order to recognize PD and gender, vowels have been widely used and many papers have been presented for solving these problems in the literature. In this study, a novel octopus based feature extraction network is presented and the proposed octopus is a multiple pooling method. In this method, minimum, maximum, maximum-minimum, average, variance, median, skewness and kurtosis pooling methods are used. These eight pooling methods consist the leg of the octopus. In this article, a vowel recognition method is proposed using the proposed octopus pooling method. The proposed method contains preprocessing, feature extraction, feature selection, classification and post processing phases. In the preprocessing, the proposed octopus method is applied to signal to generate octopus signal. Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) is utilized as feature extractor and the features are extracted using original vowel signal and the signals of the octopus. In order to feature selection, neighborhood component analysis (NCA) is used to remove redundant features. In the classification phase, support vector machine with various activation functions (linear, cubic, radial bases function), 1NN with Manhattan distance, tree and logistic regression are utilized. To obtain individual results, the proposed post processing algorithm is applied to validation predictions. In order to show success of the proposed method, a vowel dataset is used. This dataset contains PD disease vowels and there are gender labels. By using the proposed octopus based method, PD, gender and both PD and gender recognitions are performed. The proposed method achieved 99.21%, 98.41% and 97.62% accuracy rates for gender, PD and gender and PD classification respectively using 1 nearest neighbor (1NN) classifier. The space complexity of the proposed method was calculated and was found as Onlogn. These results clearly indicated that the proposed solves three problems with high success rates and low computational complexity.
Bu çalışmada Rossini’nin “L'italiana in Algeri” (Cezayir'de Bir İtalyan Kızı) operasının “Cruda Sorte” adlı aryasının piyano eşliği açısından zamanlama konuları belirlenerek, belirlenen konulara ...çözüm önerileri getirilmiştir. Araştırmada içerik analizi yöntemi izlenmiştir. Bulgularda zamanlama uyumunu sağlamak için eşlikçiden beklenen dört farklı beceri görünmektedir. Eserde yapılan analiz sonucunda, 16’sı A türünde (eşlik partisindeki sus olmayan vuruşları solistin partisindeki sus olmayan vuruşlarla denk getirmek ve bunun için solist partisindeki hangi ritimleri takip edeceğini bilmek), 12’si B türünde (eşlik partisindeki sus olan vuruşlar ile vokal partideki ilgili vuruşları eşleştirerek, susun devamını eşleştirdiği eslerin devamı olacak şekilde seslendirmek ve bunun için solist partisindeki hangi ritimleri takip edeceğini bilmek), 5’i C türünde (gerekli yerlerde tempoyu esnetebilmek) ve 7’si D türünde (gerekli yerlerde belirlenmiş ya da istenen tempolara dönebilmek) beceriye ait olmak üzere 40 farklı noktada zamanlamaya yönelik öneriler getirilmiştir.
Persistent developmental stuttering affects close to 1% of adults and is thought to be a problem of sensorimotor integration. Previous research has demonstrated that individuals who stutter respond ...differently to changes in their auditory feedback while speaking. Here we explore a number of changes that accompany alterations in the feedback of pitch during vocal production. Participants sustained the vowel /a/ while hearing on-line feedback of their own voice through headphones. In some trials, feedback was briefly shifted up or down by 100 cents to simulate a vocal production error. As previously shown, participants compensated for the auditory pitch change by altering their vocal production in the opposite direction of the shift. The average compensatory response was smaller for adults who stuttered than for adult controls. Detailed analyses revealed that adults who stuttered had fewer trials with a robust corrective response, and that within the trials showing compensation, the timing of their responses was more variable. These results support the idea that dysfunctional sensorimotor integration in stuttering is characterized by timing variability, reflecting reduced coupling of the auditory and speech motor systems.
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