Financial statements and accounting documents are a certificate of financial and financial position as well as the business performance of the entity. In its beginnings, creative accounting was ...conceived as an instrument of an objective presentation of the financial position and business results of business entities through the financial statements within the accounting regulatory framework. Initially, profit management efforts are legal and within the applicable financial reporting framework. However, over time, accounting techniques become inadmissible, unlawful and contrary to generally accepted accounting principles. Then the haircut of the financial result becomes illegal and turns into falsification of the financial statements. The aim of the paper is to synthesize knowledge about forms of creative accounting in order to indicate the importance and the need for reliable and quality financial reporting. Namely, this paper aims to contribute to the understanding and understanding of how accounting manipulations and the management of the financial result of an enterprise are manipulated.
ABSTRACT
Financial reporting has evolved over centuries in distinct stages. The first reports (Reporting 1.0) were the trial balances ensuring that debits equaled credits, using the terminology ...popularized by Pacioli. The next major innovation was formalized in the Great Depression, with Reporting 2.0 being the standardized and audited financial statements. Reporting 3.0 evolved as technology was used to augment that reporting process with ERP-based data and XBRL. Today, technology is still relying on the automation of existing processes in Reporting 3.0. This paper proposes the move to Reporting 4.0, where technology will change reporting as fundamentally as Industry 4.0 is changing business operations. What characterizes Reporting 4.0 is the application of the intelligence inherent in 21st-century technology to create an app-based reporting system characterized by mass customization: the ability for reports to be tailored to meet the needs of the heterogeneous stakeholder community of the multi-objective modern enterprise.
Ministry of Finance in the Czech Republic identifies and defines four types of accounting entities that are engaged in business activities. These are the “normal” business entities, business entities ...as banks, commercial insurance companies and health insurance companies. For each of these types of entities the Ministry of Finance issued relevant regulations that contain specific accounting policies arising mainly from the specifics of the scope of business activities of these entities. The effects of these specifics are ultimately shown also in the individual parts of the financial statement closing. In contrast the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) and also generally accepted accounting principles of the United States (U.S. GAAP) are valid for all listed entities regardless of their size and scope of activities. The ongoing globalization of the world, transnational mergers and acquisitions of various companies brings the requirements for unification of accounting policies in order to achieve comparability of financial statements closing of companies from different countries, their transparency and completeness of published information in the individual countries. This paper deals with the definition of significant differences in the items of financial statement closing of different types of business entities in the Czech Republic and with the formulation of proposals for individual types of entities, which would contribute to easier orientation and grater comparability for the needs of different users of accounting information.
The traditional recognition method of whitewash behavior of accounting statements needs to analyze a large number of special data samples. The learning rate of the algorithm is low, resulting in low ...recognition accuracy. To solve the aforementioned problems, this article proposes a method to identify the whitewash behavior of university accounting statements based on the FCM clustering algorithm. This article analyzes the motivation of university accounting statement whitewashing behavior, studies the common means of statement whitewashing, and establishes a fuzzy set for the identification of university accounting statement whitewashing behavior. By calculating the fuzzy partition coefficient, the membership matrix of whitewash behavior recognition is established, and the whitewash behavior is classified through the iteration of the FCM algorithm. The comparative experimental results show that the recognition method has good recognition performance, low recognition error rate, and recognition accuracy of 82%.
The project of the International Accounting Standards Board that updates and develops international accounting standards (IASB) has been lasting more than twenty years. In Ukraine, International ...accounting standards were adopted as the national standards for business and public sectors.
The article analyzes the Conceptual Framework for Financial Reporting for the business sector entities, compares it with the Conceptual Framework for financial reporting for the public sector entities, and the current requirements of the Ukrainian legislation in the field of accounting and financial reporting. The necessity of creating a single Conceptual Framework for financial reporting, based the needs of information users, is substantiated.
The relevant International Standards for the business sector entities became fundamental for the development of International Public Sector Accounting Standards. The similar needs of financial reports users support this approach. At the same time, part of the IPSAS, and the Conceptual Framework take into account the functional peculiarities of the entities in this sector of the economy.
Financial reporting concepts for entities in any sector of the economy determine the aim of financial reporting as that to acquire information concerning the entity. Investors, creditors, other lenders are prior users of financial information in the business sector while society as a whole uses information in the public sector. The Conceptual Framework for the public sector takes into account the peculiarity of this sector of the economy, the main purpose of which is to provide services to society, rather than generating profits and ensuring the return on capital of investors.
The common features of financial reporting standards and their Conceptual Framework, taking into account current trends and global challenges, indicate the possibility and feasibility of creating a unified (integrated) Conceptual Framework for Financial Reporting.
Keywords: the Conceptual framework for financial reporting, International Financial Reporting Standards for the entrepreneurial sector, International Public Sector Accounting Standards, National Accounting Statements (Standards).
JEL Classification M41
Formulas: 0; fig.: 1; tabl.: 2; bibl.: 20.
The subject of the research is the set of theoretical and practical approaches to the recognition of assets of the agricultural enterprises of the Omsk region in the accounting under IFRS. The ...research objective is the development of an optimal testing model of assets of the agricultural enterprises for compliance with IFRS. The study was conducted on the basis of financial statements prepared under the Russian Financial Reporting Standards. The three asset items with the largest share were allocated in the statements: fixed assets, inventories and accounts receivable. The most essential items were allocated as part of fixed assets: machinery and equipment and agricultural products respectively. Accounts receivable were tested for compliance with IFRS. The calculation of market price taking into account the correction factor in question considering the technical condition of vehicles was performed upon testing of machinery and equipment. The calculation of net realizable value based on market prices for the products was performed upon testing of machinery and equipment. The market-value appraisal of the receivable by discounted cash flows was performed upon testing. The proposed testing method has a practical value. It can be used in the preparation of financial statements under IFRS, on the basis of financial statements prepared in accordance with the Russian Financial Reporting Standards. It has been established that the machinery and equipment and agricultural products are reflected in the financial statements in accordance with IFRS. Because of overdue accounts the accounts receivable are substantially overstated.
This article examined how department managers' perceptions of their general manager's transformational leadership style, their insight into market competition, and use of management accounting ...systems information has influenced hotels' departmental performances. The data were collected through a postal survey in which 112 usable responses were received from department managers of luxury hotels in Australia. The results indicated a combined significant and positive effect of transformational leadership, market competition, and management accounting systems information use on the hotels departments' non-financial performance, but not financial performance.
The present paper deals with the interest and tax burden of corporations in the Czech industrial and banking sector as well as with the identification of the differences between the two sectors, ...including the evaluation of their developmental trends in the period after the economic and financial crisis of 2008. The interest and tax burden on business entities is determined by negative cash flows that reduce the value of their assets and equity. The basis of the research is the analysis of both components of the financial burden on corporations in these sectors over the past eight years and the identification of factors influencing their capital structure and performance. According to DuPont's equation, the burden is expressed by interest and the tax reduction of corporation's earnings before interest and taxes. The amount of the financial burden depends on the macroeconomic environment where the corporations operate. Our analysis identified an asynchronous dependence between the real payments and changes in the interest and tax rates. The reduction of both rates has had a positive effect on the performance of Czech corporations and increased their capital resources. They became more attractive to foreign investors, and the return on invested capital improved. Based on the results of the analysis, we evaluated the differences in the performance of the average corporation in the banking and industrial sectors.
Global economic, social and environmental changes are inspiring companies to behave responsibly towards the environment, not only in the interest of others, but also in that of the future of their ...companies. It is crucial that companies are able to recognize any lack in their ability to grow values in a timely manner, because issues at companies require immediate intervention. A key factor in maintaining operations is the time interval required for companies to adjust to challenges. Are Annual Reports capable of indicating problems or possibly to inform decision-makers that a company is entering a period of decline? Such information can be gathered from the notes to the financial statement. Are annually prepared statements capable of indicating problems? Definitely, yes. Do yearly once due statements provide enough information? The answer must be no, as we are not living in a static economic environment. The more dynamic our economic environment is, the greater the role played by the question of time. Thanks to improvements in accounting and technology, we are able to create up-to-date analyses, based on accounting statements. However, in order to be effective, teamwork inside the company is essential and controllers should play a key role.
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