Acrylamide (AA) is a food contaminant present in a wide range of frequently consumed foods, which makes human exposure to this toxicant unfortunately unavoidable. However, efforts to reduce the ...formation of AA in food have resulted in some success. This review aims to summarize the occurrence of AA and the potential mitigation strategies of its formation in foods. Formation of AA in foods is mainly linked to Maillard reaction, which is the first feasible route that can be manipulated to reduce AA formation. Furthermore, manipulating processing conditions such as time and temperature of the heating process, and including certain preheating treatments such as soaking and blanching, can further reduce AA formation. Due to the high exposure to AA, recognition of its toxic effect is necessary, especially in developing countries where awareness about AA health risks is still very low. Therefore, this review also focuses on the different toxic effects of AA exposure, including neurotoxicity, genotoxicity, carcinogenicity, reproductive toxicity, hepatotoxicity, and immunotoxicity.
Lung cancer has become the prominent cause of the cancer-related deaths globally. More than 80 % of all lung cancers have been diagnosed with Non- Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC). The USFDA approved ...osimertinib to treat patients with metastatic T790M EGFR NSCLC on a regular basis in March 2017. Recently, C797S mutation to osimertinib has been reported, which indicates the need for structural modification to overcome the problem of mutation.
In this bioinformatics study, we have evaluated the impact of various acrylamide as an electrophilic warhead on the activity and selectivity of osimertinib.
Osimertinib analouge 48, 50, 60, 61, 67, 75, 80, 86, 89, 92, 93, 116 and 124 were the most active and selective compounds against T790M EGFR mutants compared to Osimertinib.
These compounds also showed less inclination towards WT-EGFR.
Self-healing oxime-functional hydrogels have been developed that undergo a reversible gel-to-sol transition via oxime exchange under acidic conditions. Keto-functional copolymers were prepared by ...conventional radical polymerization of N,N-dimethylacrylamide (DMA) and diacetone acrylamide (DAA). The resulting water soluble copolymers (P(DMA-stat-DAA)) were chemically crosslinked with difunctional alkoxyamines to obtain hydrogels via oxime formation. Gel-to-sol transitions were induced by the addition of excess monofunctional alkoxyamines to promote competitive oxime exchange under acidic conditions at 25 °C. The hydrogel could autonomously heal after it was damaged due to the dynamic nature of the oxime crosslinks. In addition to their chemo-responsive behavior, the P(DMA-stat-DAA) copolymers exhibit cloud points which vary with the DAA content in the copolymers. This thermo-responsive behavior of the P(DMA-stat-DAA) was utilized to form physical hydrogels above their cloud point. Therefore, these materials can either form dynamic-covalent or physically-crosslinked gels, both of which demonstrate reversible gelation behavior.
•The developmental period is the most susceptible to endocrine-disrupting chemical.•Exposure to EDC developmental period may cause disorders in adulthood.•Acrylamide disrupts the endocrine ...system.•Acrylamide is widely used in the synthesis of polyacrylamides.•Acrylamide is found in fried and baked food.
The endocrine system is highly sensitive to endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDC) which interfere with metabolism, growth and reproduction throughout different periods of life, especially in the embryonic and pubertal stages, in which gene reprogramming may be associated with impaired development and control of tissues/organs even in adulthood. Acrylamide is considered a potential EDC and its main source comes from fried, baked and roasted foods that are widely consumed by children, teenagers and adults around the world. This review aimed to present some aspects regarding the acrylamide formation, its toxicokinetics, the occurrence of acrylamide in foods, the recent findings about its effects on different systems and the consequences for the human healthy. The challenges to characterize the molecular mechanisms triggered by acrylamide and to establish safe levels of consumption and/or exposure are also discussed in the present review.
This review aims at summarizing the most recent updates in the field of acrylamide (AA) formation (mechanism, conditions) and the determination of AA in a number of foods (fried or baked potatoes, ...chips, coffee, bread, etc). The methods applied for AA detection Capillary Electrophoresis-Mass Spectrometry (CE-MS), Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS), Non-Aqueous Capillary Electrophoresis (NACE), High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (HPLC-MS), Pressurized Fluid Extraction (PFE), Matrix Solid-Phase Dispersion (MSPD), Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS), Solid-Phase MicroExtraction-Gas Chromatography (SPME-GC), Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA), and MicroEmulsion ElectroKinetic Chromatography (MEEKC) are presented and commented. Several informative figures and tables are included to show the effect of conditions (temperature, time) on the AA formation. A section is also included related to AA legislation in EU and US.
Cold storage of potato tubers is commonly used to reduce sprouting and extend postharvest shelf life. However, cold temperature stimulates the accumulation of reducing sugars in potato tubers. Upon ...high‐temperature processing, these reducing sugars react with free amino acids, resulting in brown, bitter‐tasting products and elevated levels of acrylamide—a potential carcinogen. To minimize the accumulation of reducing sugars, RNA interference (RNAi) technology was used to silence the vacuolar invertase gene (VInv), which encodes a protein that breaks down sucrose to glucose and fructose. Because RNAi often results in incomplete gene silencing and requires the plant to be transgenic, here we used transcription activator‐like effector nucleases (TALENs) to knockout VInv within the commercial potato variety, Ranger Russet. We isolated 18 plants containing mutations in at least one VInv allele, and five of these plants had mutations in all VInv alleles. Tubers from full VInv‐knockout plants had undetectable levels of reducing sugars, and processed chips contained reduced levels of acrylamide and were lightly coloured. Furthermore, seven of the 18 modified plant lines appeared to contain no TALEN DNA insertions in the potato genome. These results provide a framework for using TALENs to quickly improve traits in commercially relevant autotetraploid potato lines.
The global demand for clean and safe water will continue to grow well into the 21st century. Moving forward, the lack of access to clean water, which threatens human health and strains precious ...energy resources, will worsen as the climate changes. Therefore, future innovations that produce potable water from contaminated sources must be sustainable. Inspired by nature, a solar absorber gel (SAG) is developed to purify water from contaminated sources using only natural sunlight. The SAG is composed of an elastic thermoresponsive poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAm) hydrogel, a photothermal polydopamine (PDA) layer, and a sodium alginate (SA) network. Production of the SAG is facile; all processing is aqueous‐based and occurs at room temperature. Remarkably, the SAG can purify water from various harmful reservoirs containing small molecules, oils, metals, and pathogens, using only sunlight. The SAG relies on solar energy to drive a hydrophilic/hydrophobic phase transformation at the lower critical solution temperature. Since the purification mechanism does not require water evaporation, an energy‐intensive process, the passive solar water‐purification rate is the highest reported. This discovery can be transformative in the sustainable production of clean water to improve the quality of human life.
Inspired from nature, a solar absorber gel (SAG) is developed to purify water from various contaminated sources containing small molecules, oils, metals, and pathogens, using only natural sunlight. Since the purification mechanism relies on solar energy to drive a hydrophilic/hydrophobic phase transformation and does not require water evaporation, an energy‐intensive process, the solar water‐purification rate is the highest reported.
Objectives: Steady euvolemia in ESRD (end-stage renal disease) patients is almost impossible to maintain with currently available treatment options. Inability to maintain constant dry weight causes ...discornfort, uncontrollable hypertension and intra- and post- dialytic hypotension that compromise solute removal. We have designed a wearable artificial kidney, an ambulatory ultrafilter that will maintain invariant dry weight and, when used in conjunction with twice-weekly in-cllnic dialysis, can provide adequate solute removal. Methods: The microsieve is constituted of silicon-rich silicon nitride (Si sub(x)N sub(4), x>3), a hydrophobic non-biocompatible material, which has recently been micro- and nanopatterned to form channels and filtering surfaces that may become valuable components of artificial organs. This material has been rendered hydrophilic and potentially hemocompatible through two different mechanisms: attachment of zwitterionic moieties and deposition of Ti metal followed by oxidation and annealing to TiO sub(2)-anatase. Zwitterionic poly(sulfobetaine acrylamide) (SBMAA) brushes were grafted onto perforated semiconductor microsieves by Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization (ATRP) and, were then, studied in human blood filtration experiments. ATRP initiators were immobilized onto Si sub(x)N sub(4) through stable Si-C linkages via 3 consecutive reactions. Zwitterionic polymer brushes of SBMAA were grown (thickness similar to 30nm) from these initiator-coated surfaces and the polymer-coated surfaces were characterized in detail by static water contact angle measurements, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Results: Both the Zwitterionic and Ti-O treatments showed tow-contact angles, indicating the surfaces have been made hydrophilic. Furthermore, when exposed to blood on a microfluidic blood plasma separation module (BPSM), a significant decrease was observed in erythrocyte adhesion, platelet aggregation, and protein adsorption. As a result, filtration rate through the microsieve increased by 90-180%. Conclusions: The device is thus capable of constantly extracting 1 mL/min, about 10kg of ultrafiltrate per week and is designed for inspection and servicing in each dialysis session.
