The worldwide development of antimicrobial resistance forces scientists to search for new compounds to which microbes would be sensitive. Many new structures contain the 1,3,4-oxadiazole ring, which ...have shown various antimicrobial activity, e.g., antibacterial, antitubercular, antifungal, antiprotozoal and antiviral. In many publications, the activity of new compounds exceeds the activity of already known antibiotics and other antimicrobial agents, so their potential as new drugs is very promising. The review of active antimicrobial 1,3,4-oxadiazole derivatives is based on the literature from 2015 to 2021.
Late life leisure activities and risk of cognitive decline Wang, Hui-Xin; Jin, Yinlong; Hendrie, Hugh C ...
The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences,
02/2013, Letnik:
68, Številka:
2
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Studies concerning the effect of different types of leisure activities on various cognitive domains are limited. This study tests the hypothesis that mental, physical, and social activities have a ...domain-specific protection against cognitive decline.
A cohort of a geographically defined population in China was examined in 2003-2005 and followed for an average of 2.4 years. Leisure activities were assessed in 1,463 adults aged 65 years and older without cognitive or physical impairment at baseline, and their cognitive performances were tested at baseline and follow-up examinations.
High level of mental activity was related to less decline in global cognition (β = -.23, p < .01), language (β = -.11, p < .05), and executive function (β = -.13, p < .05) in ANCOVA models adjusting for age, gender, education, history of stroke, body mass index, Apolipoprotein E genotype, and baseline cognition. High level of physical activity was related to less decline in episodic memory (β = -.08, p < .05) and language (β = -.15, p < .01). High level of social activity was associated with less decline in global cognition (β = -.11, p < .05). Further, a dose-response pattern was observed: although participants who did not engage in any of the three activities experienced a significant global cognitive decline, those who engaged in any one of the activities maintained their cognition, and those who engaged in two or three activities improved their cognition. The same pattern was observed in men and in women.
Leisure activities in old age may protect against cognitive decline for both women and men, and different types of activities seem to benefit different cognitive domains.
Extracellular enzymes catalyze rate‐limiting steps in soil organic matter decomposition, and their activities (EEAs) play a key role in determining soil respiration (SR). Both EEAs and SR are highly ...sensitive to temperature, but their responses to climate warming remain poorly understood. Here, we present a meta‐analysis on the response of soil cellulase and ligninase activities and SR to warming, synthesizing data from 56 studies. We found that warming significantly enhanced ligninase activity by 21.4% but had no effect on cellulase activity. Increases in ligninase activity were positively correlated with changes in SR, while no such relationship was found for cellulase. The warming response of ligninase activity was more closely related to the responses of SR than a wide range of environmental and experimental methodological factors. Furthermore, warming effects on ligninase activity increased with experiment duration. These results suggest that soil microorganisms sustain long‐term increases in SR with warming by gradually increasing the degradation of the recalcitrant carbon pool.
The links between extracellular enzyme activities (EEAs) and soil respiration (SR) under warming scenarios remain poorly understood, despite both EEAs and SR are highly sensitive to temperatures. By synthesizing data from 56 studies, we showed that warming significantly increased ligninase activity by 21.4% and SR by 15.8%, while warming had no effect on cellulase activity. Moreover, increases in ligninase activity were positively correlated with SR and warming duration. These results reveal a novel mechanism that warming‐induced shifts in carbon‐degrading EEAs could contribute to the self‐reinforcing SR to long‐term climate warming.
This book explores the gendered dynamics of institutional innovation, continuity and change in candidate selection and recruitment. Drawing on the insights of feminist institutionalism, it extends ...the 'supply and demand model' of political recruitment via a micro-level case study of the candidate selection process in post-devolution Scotland.
In the years between the American Revolution and the U.S. Civil War, as legal and cultural understandings of citizenship became more racially restrictive, black writers articulated an expansive, ...practice-based theory of citizenship. Grounded in political participation, mutual aid, critique and revolution, and the myriad daily interactions between people living in the same spaces, citizenship, they argued, is not defined by who one is but, rather, by what one does.In The Practice of Citizenship, Derrick R. Spires examines the parallel development of early black print culture and legal and cultural understandings of U.S. citizenship, beginning in 1787, with the framing of the federal Constitution and the founding of the Free African Society by Absalom Jones and Richard Allen, and ending in 1861, with the onset of the Civil War. Between these two points he recovers understudied figures such as William J. Wilson, whose 1859 "Afric-American Picture Gallery" appeared in seven installments in The Anglo-African Magazine, and the physician, abolitionist, and essayist James McCune Smith. He places texts such as the proceedings of black state conventions alongside considerations of canonical figures such as Frances Ellen Watkins Harper and Frederick Douglass.Reading black print culture as a space where citizenship was both theorized and practiced, Spires reveals the degree to which concepts of black citizenship emerged through a highly creative and diverse community of letters, not easily reducible to representative figures or genres. From petitions to Congress to Frances Harper's parlor fiction, black writers framed citizenship both explicitly and implicitly, the book demonstrates, not simply as a response to white supremacy but as a matter of course in the shaping of their own communities and in meeting their own political, social, and cultural needs.
Soils always receive microplastics (MPs) from plastic mulching, compost, and sewage irrigation, but the effects of MPs on soil environment remain largely unexplored. The objectives of this study were ...to investigate the effects of three MPs (membranous polyethylene (PE), fibrous polypropylene (PP), and microsphere PP) on enzyme activities and microbial community structure in one loamy and sandy soil. The concentration of microsphere PP (2 mg/g) was one‐tenth of those of the other two MPs (20 mg/g). The results showed that the effects of three MPs on urease, dehydrogenase, and alkaline phosphatase activities followed the order: fibrous PP > membranous PE > microsphere PP, membranous PE > microsphere PP > fibrous PP and fibrous PP > microsphere PP > membranous PE, respectively. Results from high‐throughput sequencing of 16S rRNA revealed that the membranous PE and fibrous PP raised the alpha diversities of the soil microbiota, whereas the diversity indexes of microbiota on MPs surfaces were significantly lower than those in the amended soils. MPs significantly altered the microbial community structure, especially for the enrichment of Acidobacteria and Bacteroidetes, the depletion of Deinococcus‐Thermus and Chloroflexi. Aeromicrobium, Streptomyces, Mycobacterium, Janibacter, Nocardia, Arthrobacter were prone to inhabit on the MPs surfaces.
Practitioner points
Three microplastics had different effects on soil enzyme activities.
Fibrous PP had a more persistent effect on microbial activity.
Membranous PE and fibrous PP raised the alpha diversities of soil microbiota.
The effects of membranous PE and fibrous PP on microbial communities were similar.
Distinct microbial communities were enriched on the surfaces of microplastics.
The effects of different MPs on soil microbial community.
The Book covers this whole field, from the discovery of structurally new and bioactive natural products (including biomacromolecules), from marine macro-/micro-organisms, to the pharmacodynamics, ...pharmacokinetics, metabolisms, and mechanisms of marine-derived lead compounds, both in vitro and in vivo, along with the synthesis and/or structural optimization of marine-derived lead compounds and their structure–activity relationships. Taken together, this Special Issue reprint not only provides inspiration for the discovery of marine-derived novel bioactive compounds, but also sheds light on the further research and development of marine candidate drugs.
Majority of the representative drugs customarily interact with multiple targets manifesting unintended side effects. In addition, drug resistance and over expression of the cellular efflux‐pumps ...render certain classes of drugs ineffective. With only a few innovative formulations in development, it is necessary to identify pharmacophores and novel strategies for creating new drugs. The conjugation of dissimilar pharmacophoric moieties to design hybrid molecules with an attractive therapeutic profile is an emerging paradigm in the contemporary drug development regime. The recent decade witnessed the remarkable biological potential of 1,3,5‐triazine framework in the development of various chemotherapeutics. The appending of the 1,3,5‐triazine nucleus to biologically relevant moieties has delivered exciting results. The present review focuses on 1,3,5‐triazine based hybrid molecules in the development of pharmaceuticals.
The scavenging behavior of a series of phenolic and anilines compounds toward H2O2 and DPPH was examined. The efficient concentration (EC50) was calculated for all compounds under investigation by ...using H2O2-scavenging activity assay. The antiradical efficiency (AE) and EC50 were calculated for all investigated compounds by applying DPPH scavenging activity assay. Wide differences among compounds in each series and between the two series were observed. In H2O2-scavenging activity assay, the anilines series were more active than the phenolic series due to the reduction properties of the anilines compounds. While in the DPPH scavenging activity, the phenolic compounds were more active than the anilines compounds due to the lower bond dissociation energies (BDE) of O–H than that of N–H. So, the phenolic compounds were comparatively easier to lose H atom than anilines. The antioxidant activity related to the compound structure was found to be dependable on the number of the included active group (OH or NH2). The more active compound is the more included active groups. The position of the active groups also plays an important role of structure–antioxidant relationship activity. The ortho position was found to be the more active one, due to its ability to form intramolecular hydrogen bonding (iHB), followed by para position and then meta position of compounds.
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