The climate is changing, and the Eastern Europe and Central Asia (ECA) region is vulnerable to the consequences. Many of the region's countries are facing warmer temperatures, a changing hydrology, ...and more extremes, droughts, floods, heat waves, windstorms, and forest fires. This book presents an overview of what adaptation to climate change might mean for Eastern Europe and Central Asia. It starts with a discussion of emerging best-practice adaptation planning around the world and a review of the latest climate projections. It then discusses possible actions to improve resilience organized around impacts on health, natural resources (water, biodiversity, and the coastal environment), the 'unbuilt' environment (agriculture and forestry), and the built environment (infrastructure and housing). The last chapter concludes with a discussion of two areas in great need of strengthening given the changing climate: disaster preparedness and hydro- meteorological services. This book has four key messages: a) contrary to popular perception, Eastern Europe and Central Asia face significant threats from climate change, with a number of the most serious risks already in evidence; b) vulnerability over the next 10 to 20 years is likely to be dominated by socioeconomic factors and legacy issues; c) even countries and sectors that stand to benefit from climate change are poorly positioned to do so; and d) the next decade offers a window of opportunity for ECA countries to make their development more resilient to climate change while reaping numerous co-benefits.
Previous researches have attempted to adapt the Innovative Moments Coding System (IMCS) to the group setting by identifying new IM categories able to detect meaningful interactions between group ...members. This study aims to develop a further adaptation of the IMCS by tracking the categories emerging from previous group coding schemes and analyzing if other types of IM categories emerged in the transcripts of three counseling groups addressed at underachieving university students. Results showed that seven IM categories (Self-directed, Other-directed, Explicit Mirroring, Prompting Change, Reinforcing Change, Collective, and Voice of Group) emerged in the current study, five of which resulting from the findings of previous researches and two obtained in this study through a data-driven method based on the coders' agreement. The previous and emerging IM categories were illustrated, and agreement and reliability of the IM categories were calculated. Overall, this study refined and integrated the previous group coding schemes and proposed the development of a new coding system, the Innovative Moments Coding System for Groups (IMCS-G), which showed to be a reliable method that allows the detection of markers of change within the group setting.
Este escrito es la respuesta a la Carta al Editor enviada por Mónica Reyes-Rojas, en la cual se plantea el debate con respecto al concepto de español colombiano y en la que se sugiere que para la ...adaptación cultural de instrumentos se debe contar con la participación de expertos con miembros representativos de diferentes partes del país.
Creative Contamination The Editors
Study and scrutiny,
02/2021, Letnik:
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2
Journal Article
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Jack Zipes conceptualizes the process of adaptation as contamination, a term used by folklorists to describe foreign augmentation to what appears to be a pure narrative tradition. Although this has ...traditionally had a negative connotation, Zipes (2001) posits that it has generative aspects as well. “Contamination can be an enrichment process; it can lead to the birth of something unique and genuine in its own right” (p.102). We see the process of contamination at work in adaptations.
El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo adaptar y aportar evidencias preliminares de validez de la Escala de teoría cultural de cosmovisiones ambientales en el contexto latinoamericano. Se analizaron ...evidencias de validez de contenido mediante el juicio de cuatro expertos, validez discriminante y convergente, estructura interna a través de análisis factorial exploratorio y confirmatorio, y consistencia interna a través del coeficiente Omega. Mediante un muestreo no probabilístico por conveniencia, se seleccionaron 500 participantes en edad adulta que residían en la región del Ñuble, Chile. Se obtuvo una versión revisada y adecuada lingüísticamente del instrumento, que presentó coeficientes de concordancia de Kappa que fluctuaron entre considerable y casi perfecto en cuanto a su contenido. Los análisis estadísticos dan cuenta de la idoneidad del instrumento de 15 ítems y un análisis factorial confirmatorio que apoya la estructura interna de cuatro factores (individualismo, igualitarismo, jerarquismo y fatalismo); igual que la versión original. Los coeficientes de consistencia interna fueron aceptables para las cuatro subescalas. Respecto a la validez discriminante se obtuvieron medidas de varianza extraída adecuadas para igualitarismo, jerarquismo y fatalismo (sólo individualismo presentó valores levemente bajo lo esperado), y respecto a la validez convergente se obtuvieron valores adecuados en fiabilidad compuesta para los cuatro factores. Estos hallazgos avalan el uso de la versión en español de la Escala de teoría cultural de cosmovisiones ambientales en población de habla hispana, contribuyendo a la potencial ampliación de estudios socioculturales sobre el medioambiente en Latinoamérica.
This article discusses 3 ways in which adaptive developmental mechanisms may produce maladaptive outcomes. First, natural selection may favor risky strategies that enhance fitness on average but ...which have detrimental consequences for a subset of individuals. Second, mismatch may result when organisms experience environmental change during ontogeny, for instance, because they move from one environment to another. Third, organisms may learn about their environment in order to develop an appropriate phenotype; when cues indicate the environmental state probabilistically, as opposed to deterministically, sampling processes may produce mismatch. For each source of maladaptation, we present a selection of the relevant empirical research and illustrate how models from evolutionary biology can be used to make predictions about maladaptation. We also discuss what data can be collected to test these models in humans. Our goal is to show that evolutionary approaches not only yield insights into adaptive outcomes but can also illuminate the conditions leading to maladaptation. This perspective provides additional nuance to the dialectic between the developmental psychopathology model and evolutionary developmental psychology. (Contains 1 figure and 3 footnotes.)
Temperature pervasively impacts the phenotypes and distributions of organisms. These thermal effects generate strong selective pressures on behaviour, physiology, and life history when environmental ...temperatures vary over space and time. Despite this fact, progress toward a quantitative theory of thermal adaptation has lagged behind empirical descriptions of patterns and processes. This book draws on current evolutionary paradigms (optimization, quantitative genetics, and genetic algorithms) to establish a theory of thermal adaptation. It initially focuses on simple models that describe the evolution of thermosensitivity, thermoregulation, or acclimation. Later chapters focus on more complex models describing the coadaptation of traits or the coevolution of species. Throughout the book, various lines of evidence are used to question the major assumptions of these models. Furthermore, the predictions of these models are confronted with experimental and comparative data. Empirical examples represent a wide range of taxa, including bacteria, plants, fungi, and animals. The result is a synthesis of theoretical and empirical studies of thermal biology that offers insights about evolutionary processes.
If climate change outpaces the rate of adaptive evolution within a site, populations previously well adapted to local conditions may decline or disappear, and banked seeds from those populations will ...be unsuitable for restoring them. However, if such adaptational lag has occurred, immigrants from historically warmer climates will outperform natives and may provide genetic potential for evolutionary rescue. We tested for lagging adaptation to warming climate using banked seeds of the annual weed Arabidopsis thaliana in common garden experiments in four sites across the species’ native European range: Valencia, Spain; Norwich, United Kingdom; Halle, Germany; and Oulu, Finland. Genotypes originating from geographic regions near the planting site had high relative fitness in each site, direct evidence for broad-scale geographic adaptation in this model species. However, genotypes originating in sites historically warmer than the planting site had higher average relative fitness than local genotypes in every site, especially at the northern range limit in Finland. This result suggests that local adaptive optima have shifted rapidly with recent warming across the species’ native range. Climatic optima also differed among seasonal germination cohorts within the Norwich site, suggesting that populations occurring where summer germination is common may have greater evolutionary potential to persist under future warming. If adaptational lag has occurred over just a few decades in banked seeds of an annual species, it may be an important consideration for managing longer-lived species, as well as for attempts to conserve threatened populations through ex situ preservation.
In a recent article in this journal, Zachary Ardern criticizes our view that the most promising candidate for a naturalized criterion of disease is the "selected effects" account of biological ...function and dysfunction. Here we reply to Ardern’s criticisms and, more generally, clarify the relationship between adaptation and dysfunction in the evolution of health and disease.
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