La notion même de désaccord implique l’intersubjectivité, puisqu’on ne peut être en désaccord qu’avec au moins quelqu’un et sur un thème particulier en partage. Pour qu’il y ait désaccord, il faut de ...la sorte au départ un accord minimum. Je pars de ce constat pour réfléchir à quelques « drôles de cas » où le dissensus s’exprime par des marqueurs de complicité ou d’accord et où, inversement, la connivence empathique entre coénonciateurs prend la forme d’un désaccord : ces cas invitent à envisager l’accord et le désaccord non plus en rupture, mais plutôt en continuité. Ma ligne directrice sera celle d’un continuum allant des bises aux bisbilles (et inversement), au sein duquel des modulations et des positions intermédiaires variées (désaccords pour rire, demi-désaccords, dissensus adoucis en consensus, etc.) peuvent être observées. Pour ce faire, je travaillerai prioritairement sur le corpus 88milSMS (http://88milsms.huma-num.fr/), corpus qui pose problème au regard de la notion de désaccord : le consensus, la synchronisation font en effet partie des attendus des SMS, l’autre étant toujours envisagé comme un même. Dans ce cadre, peut-on être en désaccord avec quelqu’un appartenant au même réseau relationnel, et avec qui on est en empathie(le mot désaccord ne figure d’ailleurs pas une seule fois dans les 88522 SMS constituant le corpus) ? Dans un premier mouvement, je réfléchirai aux mots accord et désaccord eux-mêmes, puis je proposerai l’idée d’un continuum entre les deux pôles, avant d’aborder les rares cas où la guerre semble apparemment déclarée. Cependant le dissensus, même s’il est explicitement signifié, est souvent tempéré, envisagé sur fond de territoire en partage, observation qu’il faut rattacher au fait que les scripteurs cultivent l’entre-soi et la complicité avec leurs mêmes. The very notion of disagreement implies inter-subjectivity, since it takes at least two people to disagree on a common theme: to reach disagreement requires a minimum of agreement as a starting-point. This brings me to envisage unusual cases, when disagreement is uttered through markers of complicity or agreement and, conversely, empathetic complicity between utterers is expressed in the form of a disagreement: these cases invite us to consider agreement and disagreement in continuity. The running thread is a continuum from closeness to squabble (and vice versa), in which modulations and varied intermediate positions (such as fake disagreement, halfdisagreement, mild disagreement, etc.) can be observed. To demonstrate this I will focus on the 88milSMS corpus (http://88milsms.huma-num.fr/), in which the notion of disagreement is problematic as consensus and synchronization are expected, indeed the other person is always seen as a reflection of oneself. In this context, is it possible to disagree with someone belonging to a relationship network, and with whom we empathize (the word disagreement does not figure once in the 88522 SMS corpus)? First, I will analyze the meaning of the terms agreement and disagreement, then I will consider the idea of a continuum between those two extremes, before focusing on the rare cases when enmity is openly expressed. However disagreement, even if explicitly uttered, is often mitigated because it rests on shared common ground, an observation that is linked to the fact that the interlocutors favour collusion and complicity with their peers.
Background: Measuring body composition in a seated position would be advantageous in clinical practice because patients are already seated while waiting in patient rooms. This allows sufficient time ...for fluid shifts to occur that can affect bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA). However, BIA's assumption of a uniform cylindrical shape may be violated in the seated position if the trunk contacts the limbs, such as in people with a high waist circumference (WC). The aims of this research are to determine whether posture (supine, standing, and seated) and WC affect agreement of fat-free mass (FFM) as measured by BIA and DXA. Methods: Data were collected from 28 adults (mean = 61.2 ± 6.9 years, 64.3% female) with obesity (BMI 38.6 ± 5.0 kg/m2). FFM was measured by BIA in the supine, standing, and seated positions and by DXA while supine. Interclass correlation coefficient (ICC) analyses with two-way mixed effects and absolute agreement were performed to determine agreement. Results: Point estimates of agreement between BIA and DXA FFM measures were excellent in supine (ICC = 0.93, 0.75-0.97 95% Cl), and good in standing (ICC = 0.89, 0.31-0.97) and seated (ICC = 0.77, 0.12-0.92) positions. Better agreement was observed across all positions in participants with a WC below the median (118.3 cm) compared to above the median (supine: 0.97 0.90-0.99 vs. 0.87 0.780.96, standing: 0.92 0.20-0.98 vs. 0.83 0.16-0.95, seated: 0.86 -0.02-0.97 vs. 0.65 0.00-0.89). Regardless of WC, measuring FFM by BIA in the supine position resulted in the narrowest 95% confidence intervals. Conclusions: Despite the potential pragmatic value of measuring BIA in a seated position, results of this analysis demonstrate the poorest DXA-BIA agreement with that method that was accentuated in people with high WC. The observed excellent agreement and narrow confidence intervals-regardless of WC-indicate that a supine position should be recommended when using BIA to measure body composition.
Worldwide, the incidence of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is rising, accounting for approximately 2% of all cancer diagnoses and deaths. The etiology of RCC is still obscure. Here, we assessed the ...presence of HPyVs in paraffin-embedded tissue (FFPE) resected tissue from patients with RCC by using different molecular techniques. Fifty-five FFPE tissues from 11 RCC patients were included in this study. Consensus and HPyV-specific primers were used to screen for HPyVs. Both PCR approaches revealed that HPyV is frequently detected in the tissues of RCC kidney resections. A total of 78% (43/55) of the tissues tested were positive for at least one HPyV (i.e., MCPyV, HPyV6, HPyV7, BKPyV, JCPyV, or WUyV). Additionally, 25 tissues (45%) were positive for only one HPyV, 14 (25%) for two HPyVs, 3 (5%) for three HPyVs, and 1 one (1%) tissue specimen was positive for four HPyVs. Eleven (20%) RCC specimens were completely devoid of HPyV sequences. MCPyV was found in 24/55 RCC tissues, HPyV7 in 19, and HPyV6 in 8. The presence of MCPyV and HPyV6 was confirmed by specific FISH or RNA-ISH. In addition, we aimed to confirm HPyV gene expression by IHC. Our results strongly indicate that these HPyVs infect RCC and nontumor tissues, possibly indicating that kidney tissues serve as a reservoir for HPyV latency. Whether HPyVs possibly contribute to the etiopathogenesis of RCC remains to be elucidated.
Lumia et al discuss Murthy and colleagues' commentary highlighting the need to improve Canada's current research infrastructure to support national clinical research studies. Murthy and colleagues ...note Canada's limited ability to rapidly conduct high-priority research, hindered by the need for separate data-sharing agreements and ethics review at each participating hospital site. They experienced long delays (6 mo to more than 1 yr) in receiving ethics and institutional approvals to conduct our low-risk, multisite observational study evaluating the long-term effects of COVID-19. The main factors that contributed to approval delays included the establishment and approval of data-sharing agreements at each of our 11 study sites (across 6 provinces) and separate, full-board ethics review at 5 study sites. Differences in local requirements for information technology and online security, collection of personal health data, recruitment processes, and data storage and retention also contributed to approval delays.
International agreements are often understood to help governments make credible commitments to future policy by limiting their ability to renege on their promises. Renegotiations of agreements are ...accordingly viewed as a threat to cooperation, since renegotiations call past commitments into question. But we know little about the frequency or nature of treaty renegotiations. When are international agreements renegotiated, and what effect does renegotiation have on international cooperation? Do most renegotiations indeed aim to backtrack on past commitments? Using the topical context of the trade regime, I collect new data on international treaty revisions, covering 310 preferential trade agreements signed since the year 2000. Around a quarter of these agreements have been amended in some form, and the supermajority of amendments result not in scaled back agreements, but in deeper commitments. Survival analysis shows that ‘like-minded’ countries with a shared language and similar voting patterns at the UN General Assembly are most likely to revise their commitments. In contrast, I do not find evidence to support the view of PTA revisions as ‘backsliding’ on past commitments. The effects of revisions on trade cooperation support the more cooperative view of revisions. An error-correction model shows revisions are associated with a long-run increase in export volumes. Renegotiations are not breakdowns in international relations, but opportunities for governments to renew their commitment to cooperation.
A new approach is needed to tackle the climate crisis, in which the long overlooked supply-side of fossil fuels takes centre stage. A crucial aspect of this is the need for international agreements ...and law to effectively and fairly leave large swathes of remaining fossil fuels in the ground. Towards that end, we make the case for a Fossil Fuel Non-Proliferation Treaty (FF-NPT) to deal with emissions at source. Having explained the need for such a treaty, we propose overall aims, and both a process and principles for the sequencing of efforts across fuel types and regions based on equity and justice. We discuss the form an FF-NPT could take, as well as some of the key challenges it would have to overcome. We suggest strategies for overcoming key challenges in relation to reserves in developing countries, questions of the just transition, and incentives for countries to sign up to such a treaty.
Key policy insights
The supply-side of fossil fuels should occupy a central place in collective efforts to address climate change.
A proposed new Fossil Fuel Non-Proliferation Treaty (FF-NPT) could help to keep large swathes of fossil fuels in the ground, effectively and fairly.
A process towards this end could start with an assessment of existing reserves, as well as agreement on the principles for the sequencing of production phase-down targets across countries and fuel types, with the aim of aligning fossil fuel use with the Paris Agreement's 1.5°C warming threshold.
Strategies to advance the proposed FF-NPT will have to recognize current and historical exploitation of fossil fuel reserves, provide alternative ways of meeting the development needs of the poorest countries without fossil fuels, and include credible systems of monitoring and compliance to induce trust and cooperation.
Is the WTO Passé? Bagwell, Kyle; Bown, Chad P.; Staiger, Robert W.
Journal of economic literature,
12/2016, Letnik:
54, Številka:
4
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
The WTO has delivered policy outcomes that are very different from those likely to emerge out of the recent wave of preferential trade agreements (PTAs). Should economists see this as an efficient ...institutional hand-off, where the WTO has carried trade liberalization as far as it can manage, and is now passing the baton to PTAs to finish the job? We survey a growing economics literature on international trade agreements and argue on this basis that the WTO is not passé. Rather, and subject to some caveats, our survey of research to date suggests that the WTO warrants strong support while a more cautious view of PTAs seems appropriate.
We develop an equilibrium theory of trade agreements in which both the
degree and the
nature (bilateral or multilateral) of trade liberalization are endogenously determined. To determine whether and ...how bilateralism matters, we also analyze a scenario where countries pursue trade liberalization on only a multilateral basis. We find that when countries have asymmetric endowments or when governments value producer interests more than tariff revenue and consumer surplus, there exist circumstances where global free trade is a stable equilibrium only if countries are free to pursue bilateral trade agreements. By contrast, under symmetry, both bilateralism and multilateralism yield global free trade.
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