Ovaj rad uključuje pregled neuroznanstvenih istraživanja moralnosti, s naglaskom na moralno rasuđivanje i odlučivanje. Prvi dio rada donosi pregled teorijskih pristupa i konstrukata koji proizlaze iz ...tradicionalnih pristupa koji razmatraju primarnu ulogu kognitivnih procesa ili emocionalnih procesa u moralnome rasuđivanju. Drugi dio rada pruža uvid u neuroznanstvena istraživanja koja razmatraju i potvrđuju ulogu obaju procesa u moralnome rasuđivanju. Glavna su područja mozga uključena u moralno rasuđivanje prefrontalna moždana kora, cingularna kora, amigdala i inzula. Uz navedena se područja aktiviraju i područja sljepoočnoga i tjemenog režnja moždane kore koja se povezuju s teorijom uma. O njihovim se funkcionalnim doprinosima raspravlja, a mnogobrojna istraživanja ukazuju na to da se u podlozi moralnoga rasuđivanja i odlučivanja nalaze kognitivni, emocionalni i motivacijski mehanizmi.
All’inizio del Novecento la comunità scientifica ha indagato a fondo con gli strumenti allora disponibili quegli elementi permanenti ricorrenti e transculturali che sono stati chiamati di volta in ...volta motivemi (dai narratologi), archetipi (dagli psicoanalisti o Pathosformeln, come li definì Aby Warburg. Il contributo ridefinisce il concetto di memoria inconscia o mneme nel pensiero warburghiano e le radici medico-scientifiche di molte sue riflessioni, per poi giungere ai contributi che le neuroscienze, dalla fine del Novecento, hanno dato a una ridefinizione del modo in cui l’uomo rappresenta convenzionalmente le emozioni. L’architettura del cervello limbico rilevata attraverso il neuroimaging consente oggi non solo di dare una spiegazione più analitica delle intuizioni di Warburg, anche attraverso la rilettura computazionale offertane da Franco Moretti, ma di ridisegnare la grammatica delle emozioni e la sua semiotica globale.__ At the beginning of the twentieth century the scientific community thoroughly investigated with the tools then available those permanent recurring and transcultural elements that were called from time to time motivemi (by narratologists), archetypes (by psychoanalysts or Pathosformeln, as Aby Warburg defined them. The contribution redefines the concept of unconscious memory or mneme in Warburgian thought and the medical-scientific roots of many of his reflections. Subsequently it analyzes the contributions that neurosciences, since the end of the twentieth century, have given to a redefinition of the way in which man conventionally represents emotions. The architecture of the limbic brain detected through neuroimaging allows today not only to give a more analytical explanation of Warburg’s intuitions, also through the computational rereading offered by Franco Moretti, but to redesign the grammar of emotions and its global semiotics.
The work is a pilot study conducted on a small sample of nine subjects of different ages and psychological problems followed in psychotherapy with 3D Therapy®. The study proposes the effects of the ...manifestations of anxiety behaviors activated by the subjects placed in front of the 3D object which materializes the graphic representation of the dysfunctional emotional experience. The research examines the period of time from the presentation in the Cx phase of the 3D object for the next 10 minutes, a period in which the process of observation and detection of target behaviors manifested by individual subjects starts.
Ovaj rad uključuje pregled neuroznanstvenih istraživanja moralnosti, s naglaskom na moralno rasuđivanje i odlučivanje. Prvi dio rada donosi pregled teorijskih pristupa i konstrukata koji proizlaze iz ...tradicionalnih pristupa koji razmatraju primarnu ulogu kognitivnih procesa ili emocionalnih procesa u moralnome rasuđivanju. Drugi dio rada pruža uvid u neuroznanstvena istraživanja koja razmatraju i potvrđuju ulogu obaju procesa u moralnome rasuđivanju. Glavna su područja mozga uključena u moralno rasuđivanje prefrontalna moždana kora, cingularna kora, amigdala i inzula. Uz navedena se područja aktiviraju i područja sljepoočnoga i tjemenog režnja moždane kore koja se povezuju s teorijom uma. O njihovim se funkcionalnim doprinosima raspravlja, a mnogobrojna istraživanja ukazuju na to da se u podlozi moralnoga rasuđivanja i odlučivanja nalaze kognitivni, emocionalni i motivacijski mehanizmi.
This paper includes a review of moral neuroscience research with an emphasis on moral reasoning and decision-making. The first part of the paper includes an overview of theoretical approaches and constructs which elaborate the primary role of cognitive or emotional processes in moral reasoning. The second part of the paper provides insights into neuroscience research that considers and confirms the role of both processes in moral reasoning. The main brain areas in moral reasoning are the regions of the prefrontal cortex, cingulate cortex, amygdala, and insula. In addition to the above areas, the regions of the temporal and parietal lobe of the cerebral cortex that are associated with the theory of mind are also activated. This review includes a discussion about functional contributions to different brain parts and numerous studies indicate that cognitive, emotional, and motivational mechanisms are underlying moral reasoning and decision-making.
Lipoid proteinosis (LP) is a very rare autosomal-recessive disease characterized by multisystem involvement due to intracellular deposition of amorphous hyaline material. Clinical manifestations ...include hoarness, acne-like facial scarring and neurological manifestation including seizures. We describe the clinical, genetics and radiological features of LP in a refractory epileptic patient with genetic confirmation.
U posljednjih se desetak godina u medijima često govori o povećanom broju dijagnosticiranih slučajeva autizma u djetinjstvu. U ovom sustavnom pregledu razmatramo razvoj razumijevanja percepcije lica, ...jedne od specifičnijih značajki autizma, u svjetlu komorbiditeta s aleksitimijom i uznapredovalih statističkih metodologija istraživanja. Navodimo literaturu koja se bavi percepcijom lica u autizmu u različitim kognitivnim zadacima i upućuje na važnost često komorbidne aleksitimije, kao i literaturu koja koristi neuroslikovne metode istraživanja i potvrđuje važnost različitih uzoraka gledanja u autizmu pri analizi rezultata. U svrhu poboljšane obrazovne i socijalne integracije osoba s autizmom i/ili aleksitimijom predlažemo teme za daljnje istraživanje.
In the last few decades, the media have continuously reported on the increased number of diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). This systematic review looks at the evolution of research on face perception, one of the characteristics of ASD, in the light of recently reported prevalence of alexythimia comorbidity, as well as improved statistical methods in cognitive research. We review the literature on behavioural face perception testing in autism, showing the importance of a prevalent comorbidity of alexythimia, as well as neural evidence showing the importance of differential eye gaze patterns in autism for data analysis. We suggest outstanding questions in the field in order to improve the integration of people with ASD and alexithymia into the educational and social contexts.
Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı normal bireylerde parasingulat sulkus (PCS) uzunluğunun, yaş, cinsiyete göre hemisferler arasındaki farklılıklarını ve PCS uzunluğu ile amigdala, talamus ve hipokampus ...hacimleri arasındaki ilişkiyi araştırmaktır.
Gereç ve Yöntem: 3T manyetik rezonans görüntüleme (MR) cihazında çekilen kranial MR’de patoloji saptanmamış, 20-40 yaşlarında, 48 hasta (26 K, 22 E) çalışmaya alındı. PCS uzunluğu, her iki hemisferde manuel çizildi. PCS uzunluğu 40 mm’den yüksek olanlar belirgin, 20-40 mm arasındakiler kısa, 20 mm’den düşükler yok olarak sınıflandırıldı. Üç grup, hemisferler arasında, yaş ve cinsiyete göre karşılaştırıldı. Amigdala, talamus, hipokampus hacimleri, 3D T1A sagital görüntülerden BrainSuite yazılımıyla hesaplandı. Hacimler ile PCS uzunlukları istatistiksel olarak karşılaştırıldı.
Bulgular: PCS uzunlukları belirgin, kısa, yok gruplarında hemisferler arasında, cinsiyet ve yaşa bağlı anlamlı fark saptanmadı. Sağ hemisferde PCS belirginlerde, sağ amigdala hacmi anlamlı yüksek; PCS kısalarda, sağ hipokampus hacmi en düşük; PCS-belirginlerde sağ hipokampus hacmi yüksekti.
Sonuç: Normal bireylerde PCS uzunluğunda, hemisferler arasında, cinsiyet ve yaşa bağlı fark görülmemesi, PCS’nin, hastalıklarda değişmesinin güvenilir bir bulgu olduğu sonucuna varılabilir. Sağ hemisferde PCS uzunluğu ile amigdala, hipokampus hacminin korele olması, anterior singulat korteks, medial prefrontal korteks bağlantılarının, PCS uzunluğu ile ilişkili olabileceğini düşündürmektedir.
To investigate the functional connectivity among amygdala, insula, and auditory cortex during affective auditory stimulation and its relevance for psychotherapy, the authors recorded, using ...functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), the blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) responses of these brain regions in 20 healthy adults while listening to affective sounds (laughing and crying). Their connectivity was analyzed by time-series panel analysis. The authors found significant positive associations among brain regions, with time-lagged associations generally directed from the right to the left hemisphere. Associations between amygdalar and cortical regions, however, were negative; specifically, activations of the left auditory cortex preceded decreases of the right amygdala. This suggested that affect regulation using cognitive control may have been achieved through active inhibition of amygdalar structures by the cortex. The authors discuss the implications of the findings for the change mechanisms inherent in psychotherapy.
The anatomy of startle The involuntary startle is part of the first rapid fear reactions an organism experiences in response to a sudden threatening stimulus. It is adaptive in the sense that it ...allows the organism to immediately withdraw from an object that might possibly be dangerous, while the higher centres of the brain are still busy processing whether the object is in fact dangerous. The involuntary startle reaction is colloquially described as "to jump with fright". This hair-trigger system is fine-tuned to protect organisms from danger and tends to err on the side of caution. Therefore, everyone has probably jumped with fright in response to an entirely harmless stimulus, for example mistaking a twig for a snake. This paper aims to explain why and how we jump with fright, even though we realise only milliseconds later that it was completely unnecessary to get a fright at all. The fear centres of the brain are the amygdala, two small nuclei in the limbic system. Visual, auditory and olfactory input from the sensory organs is relayed to the amygdala via two different pathways. Like most types of sensory inputs to the brain the information that activates the fear response via the indirect route is routed via the thalamus to cortical areas where it is analysed in terms of previous experience quality and context. From here the analysed information reaches the amygdala - the cerebral structures generally associated with fear. Impulses from the amygdala will then stimulate the typical fear reactions. In contrast to the indirect route from thalamus to amygdala just described, a direct route is taken in the case of the startle reaction. Impulses from the thalamus are relayed directly to the amygdala and the person experiences the fear reaction and response before the information has been analysed by the cortical structures. This short-cut to the amygdala is a direct, fast and crude pathway from the senses through the relevant modalities to the thalamus to the central nucleus of the amygdala. In general its purpose is to prime the amygdala for detailed incoming information, but in conditions of sudden danger it provides for a rapid response to a potentially aversive situation. The advantage of the direct pathway is that it allows for a quicker reaction, almost half the time that it takes for the cortical input pathway to the amygdala. The startle reaction is essential when speed is more important than accuracy, for example, when a life may be at stake. The cortical pathway is indirect, slower and refined, which allows for cortical processing and thus a much more accurate presentation of the stimulus. This route can also inhibit an inappropriate fear response initiated through the direct route. In this paper the neuroanatomy, specifically explaining the direct and indirect (cortical) route by which perceptual information reaches the amygdala, is reviewed first. Then the physiology of the fear reaction is alluded to, after which we conclude with an integrating figure and state a few interesting implications. Die onwillekeurige skrikreaksie vorm deel van die eerste vinnige vreesreaksies wat 'n organisme ervaar in respons tot 'n skielike bedreiging. Dit is voordelig in die sin dat dit 'n organisme toelaat om onmiddellik weg te beweeg van 'n voorwerp wat potensieel gevaarlik kan wees, terwyl die hoër breinsentra nog besig is om uit te werk of die voorwerp inderdaad gevaarlik is. Die skrikreaksie is daarop ingestel om die organisme te beskerm teen potensiële gevaar . Die onwillekeurige skrikreaksie onderlê wat in die omgangstaal bekend staan as "om te skrik vir koue pampoen", waar 'n individu skrik vir iets geheel en al onskadeliks, byvoorbeeld 'n tak wat aangesien word vir 'n slang - dus "eerder bang Jan as dooie Jan". Hierdie manuskrip poog om te verduidelik hoekom ons skrik, al besef ons 'n paar millisekondes later dat dit geheel en al onnodig was. Die onderliggende neuroanatomie, met verwysing na die direkte en indirekte (kortikale) bane waardeur sensoriese inligting die amigdala bereik, word hersien. Die fisiologie van die vreesreaksie word kortliks bespreek en die skrywe word afgesluit met 'n integrerende figuur en 'n paar interessante implikasies van die onwillekeurige vreesreaksie.
Objetivos: Estudar o envolvimento do hipocampo na gênese do potencial evocado P50 e da supressão do mesmo em pacientes com epilepsia submetidos a tratamento cirúrgico. Metodologia: Foi realizado um ...estudo transversal com grupo controle de comparação Excluíram-se indivíduos com outra patologia neurológica ou psiquiátrica, hipoacusia auditiva, história familiar de transtornos psicóticos, uso de antipsicóticos atípicos ou de drogas ilícitas no último mês. Os indivíduos foram separados em dois grupos: grupo 1 (n = 34) - amígdala-hipocampectomia; grupo 2 (n = 40) - controles. Foi realizado, em todos os participantes, o potencial evocado auditivo de média latência P50. Consideraram-se variáveis de comparação: as amplitudes individuais dos potenciais evocados pelo primeiro (S1) e segundo (S2) estímulos e o parâmetro de supressão do P50 (razão S2/S1). Para comparar as médias entre os grupos, foi utilizado o teste t de Student e, para comparação da freqüência de supressão, foi utilizado o teste do qui-quadrado. Resultados: A média da razão S2/S1 foi de 0,74 ± 0,44 no grupo 1 e de 0,42 ± 0,24 no grupo 2 (p < 0,001). A comparação das amplitudes médias das ondas entre os grupos mostrou uma diferença apenas na amplitude de S2, menor no grupo 2 (p < 0,001). Conclusões: Nessa pesquisa, observou-se que provavelmente o hipocampo não seja o gerador das ondas P50 nos potenciais auditivos, embora possivelmente esteja envolvido na sua supressão.
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