The earliest writing in the ancient Middle East, dating to the end of the 4th millennium BCE, was pictographic, meaning that it consisted primarily of signs that were simple illustrations of what ...they represented. Numbers were made with lines, circles, and rectangles. Pictographic symbols quickly evolved into cuneiform--wedge-shaped--signs as scribes changed their practice from drawing with a pointed stylus to impressing wedge-shapes in leather-hard clay with the corner angles of a shaped stylus.
The basics cuneiform writing in stone tablet from Tello, Iraq, dates to about 2800 BCE. The text concerns land use of various people and was written on stone because of the importance of real estate ...documents.
Record-Making and Record-Keeping in Early Societies provides a concise and up-to-date survey of early record-making and record-keeping practices across the world. It investigates the ways in which ...human activities have been recorded in different settings using different methods and technologies.Based on an in-depth analysis of literature from a wide range of disciplines, including prehistory, archaeology, Assyriology, Egyptology, and Chinese and Mesoamerican studies, the book reflects the latest and most relevant historical scholarship. Drawing upon the author’s experience as a practitioner and scholar of records and archives and his extensive knowledge of archival theory and practice, the book embeds its account of the beginnings of recording practices in a conceptual framework largely derived from archival science. Unique both in its breadth of coverage and in its distinctive perspective on early record-making and record-keeping, the book provides the only updated and synoptic overview of early recording practices available worldwide.Record-Making and Record-Keeping in Early Societies will be of interest to academics, researchers, and students engaged in the study of archival science, archival history, and the early history of human culture. The book will also appeal to practitioners of archives and records management interested in learning more about the origins of their profession.
ABSTRACT
Producing geometric designs and images on materials, such as pottery, basketry, and bead artwork, as well as the human body, is elemental and widespread among Amazonian Indigenous peoples. ...In this article, we examine the different geometric forms identified in the precolonial geoglyph architecture of southwestern Amazonia in the context of geometric design making and relational ontologies. Our aim is to explore earthwork iconography through the lens of Amerindian visual arts and movement. Combining ethnographic and archaeological data from the Upper Purus, Brazil, the article shows how ancient history and socio‐cosmology are deeply “written” onto the landscape in the form of geometric earthworks carved out of the soil, which materialize interactions between nonhuman and human actors. We underline skills in visualization, imaginative practices, and movement as ways to promote well‐balanced engagements with animated life forms. Here, iconography inserted in the landscape is both a form of writing and also emerges as an agent, affecting people through visual and corporal practices. geometric designs, earthworks, visualization, movement, Amazonia
RESUMEN
El producir diseños e imágenes geométricos en materiales tales como cerámica, cestería, obras de arte en collares, así como el cuerpo humano, es elemental y extendido entre indígenas del Amazonas. En este artículo, examinamos las diferentes formas geométricas identificadas en la arquitectura precolonial de los geoglifos del suroeste de la Amazonia en el contexto de la creación de los diseños geométricos y el tipo relacional de ser. Nuestra meta es explorar la iconografía de los trabajos en la tierra a través de los lentes de las artes visuales y el movimiento Amerindios. Combinando la información etnográfica y arqueológica del Purús Superior, Brasil, el artículo muestra cómo la historia antigua y la socio‐cosmología están profundamente “escritas” en el paisaje en la forma de trabajos en la tierra geométricos labrados en el suelo, los cuales materializan las interacciones entre actores humanos y no humanos. Enfatizamos las destrezas en visualización, prácticas imaginativas, y movimiento como maneras de promover interacciones bien equilibradas con formas de vida animadas. Aquí, la iconografía insertada en el paisaje es a la vez una forma de escritura y también emerge como un agente, afectando a las personas a través de prácticas visuales y corporales. diseños geométricos, obras de tierra, visualización, movimiento, Amazonia
RESUMO
A produção de desenhos geométricos e imagens em materiais como cerâmica, cestaria, miçanga, assim como no corpo humano é elementar e muito difundida entre os povos indígenas amazônicos. Este artigo aborda diferentes formas geométricas identificadas na arquitetura dos geoglifos pré‐colonais do Sudoeste da Amazônia no contexto de produção de desenhos geométricos e das ontologias relacionais. O objetivo é examinar a iconografia de estruturas de terra através da lente das artes visuais ameríndias e do movimento. Combinando dados etnográficos e arqueológicos do Alto Purus, Brasil, o artigo mostra como a história antiga e a sócio‐cosmologia estão profundamente “escritas” na paisagem na forma de estruturas geométricas de terra trinchadas no solo, que materializam interações entre atores não‐humanos e humanos. Salientamos as habilidades humanas de visualização, práticas imaginativas e movimento como os meios de promover relações bem equilibradas com formas de vida animadas. Aqui a iconografia da paisagem é considerada tanto uma forma de escrita como um agente, afetando as pessoas através de práticas visuais e corporais. desenhos geométricos, estruturas de terra, visualização, movimento, Amazônia
This work deals with the interpretation of texts produced by Florentine authors employed at the Chancery of Florence. The reading focuses on the use that the writing examined reserve to ancient ...historiographical sources, with the assumption that the retrieval of past events may have been conceived as an instrument of argumentation. We will try to prove that this method of work – illustrated by the cases of Coluccio Salutati, Bartolomeo Scala and Niccolò Machiavelli – could lead to the deliberate manipulation of sources, defining what we can call a “political use of ancient history”.
Martin offers focuses on the civilization in the land that connects North and South America, through the reimagined Mexico and Central America Gallery. The ancent Americas are a diverse and ...fascinating part of the world, and their societies contribute an important chapter to the human story. Given that all their major social developments, we can see them as an alternate experiment in what society and culture can be. The reimagined Mexico and Central America Gallery is designed to inspire new appreciation for the cultural and artistic achievements of the peoples of this region. Those achievements stand proudly next to those of the Classical World, the Middle East, Africa, and Asia, as part of the rich tapestry of the human past that still impresses and informs us in the present.
Complaining about the paucity, ambiguity and fragmentary nature of evidence concerning ancient Mediterranean societies is a common pastime among ancient historians. The situation provokes a wide ...range of reactions. Some scholars have chosen carefully to restrict their conclusions and interpretations to those which can be supported only by an inductive, empirical or, at a pinch, positivistic study of the evidence. Suspicion of generalizing approaches, once the 'dominant orthodoxy' among ancient historians, has in recent decades given way to a full backlash characterized by a flourishing of engagement with a wide variety of methodological concepts borrowed from other disciplines. Here, Elliott attempts to wrestle with Andrew Wilson's questions with an integrated study of both papyrological evidence as well as paleo-ecological data.
Despite all these impediments that intervened in history, women manifested themselves in society with a lot of power, either in literature (Sapho), philosophy (Hypathia) but also in state leadership ...(as pharaohs, in ancient Egypt). ...of the new way of thinking, women began to make their presence felt more in society. A female presence who openly expressed her opinion for the benefit of the community of which she was a part was Elizabeth I, Queen of England (1533 -1603), "Queen of Great Britain" who dedicated her whole life to a kingdom in which she put all her the hopes. The reign of Queen Elizabeth is called the Elizabethan era or the Golden age, being marked by the increase of England's power on the world level.
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