This book looks at the life and personality, the scientific and philosophical work of Ludwig Boltzmann, an Austrian physicist who made significant contributions to the development of the atomic ...theory. His tragic life, which ended in a suicide, is described in detail. A substantial part of the book is devoted to discussing his work establishing the atomic structure of matter, and his influence on modern physics. Boltzmann stands as a link between two other great theoretical physicists: James Clerk Maxwell in the 19th century and Albert Einstein in the 20th. Maxwell, who is best known for his discovery of the laws governing electric and magnetic fields and light, first found the formula for the probability distribution of velocities of particles in a gas in equilibrium, but it was Boltzmann who derived the equation governing the dynamical evolution of the probability distribution, according to which the state of a gas, not necessarily in equilibrium, will actually change. Boltzmann's ideas were central to Max Planck's later analysis of black-body radiation at the turn of the century, in which he introduced the quantum of action, thereby firing the opening shot of the quantum revolution. In 1905, Einstein not only picked up on this idea and developed it further (in effect showing that the ‘atomic hypothesis’ applied even to light itself) but was also influenced by Boltzmann's concepts in two of his other famous papers of 1905, one in which he provided a method of determining molecular dimensions and the other in which he explained the nature of Brownian motion.
Amberlite XAD-2 has been functionalized by coupling it, through the NN group, with Pyrocatechol Violet (PV), and the resulting resin has been characterized by elemental analysis, thermogravimetric ...analysis (TGA) and IR spectra. The resin has been used for preconcentrating Zn(II), Cd(II), Pb(II) and Ni(II) ions prior to their determination by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. The optimum pH values for quantitative sorption are 5, 5–7, 4, and 3 for Zn, Cd, Pb and Ni, respectively. The four metals can be desorbed (recovery ~98%) with 4 M HNO
3; also, 4 M HCl is equally suitable except for Zn. The sorption capacity of the resin is 1410, 1270, 620 and 1360 μg g
−1 resin for Zn, Cd, Ni and Pb, respectively. The effect of F
−, Cl
−, NO
3
−, SO
4
2− and PO
4
3− on the sorption of these four metal ions has been investigated. They are tolerable in the range 0.01–0.20 M, for Pb. In the sorption of Zn(II) and Ni(II), the tolerance limits of all these ions are upto 0.01 M, whereas for Cd(II), F
−, NO
3
−, and PO
4
3− have been found to be tolerable upto 0.50, 0.10 and 0.10 M, respectively. The preconcentration factors are 60, 50, 23 and 18 for Zn, Cd, Pb and Ni, respectively. Simultaneous collection and determination of the four metals are possible. Cations commonly present in drinking water do not affect the sorption of either metal ion if present at a concentration level similar to that of water. The method has been applied to determine Zn, Ni and Pb content of well-water samples (RSD ≤9%).
Računanje višefotonskih procesa polazi od vremenskog računa smetnje u kojem je glavni problem, pri određivanju vjerojatnosti procesa, provođenje beskonačne sumacije po međustanjima atoma. Za ...rješavanje ovog problema razvijeno je više matematičkih metoda. Osnovni cilj ovog rada je usporedba različitih metoda koje se koriste u teoriji višefotonskih procesa. U tu svrhu izložen je pregled metoda i provedena komparacija dobivenih rezultata na dvofotonskim procesima. Račun je proveden na vodiku sličnim atomima, jer su ovi jednostavni sustavi prikladni za računanje svim izloženim metodama.
Provider: - Institution: - Data provided by Europeana Collections- Numele real al autorului: Mihail Lungianu- Considerații privind natura și dimensiunile materiei universului și ale atomului, alături ...de o analiză a teoriei lui Gustave Le Bon- All metadata published by Europeana are available free of restriction under the Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication. However, Europeana requests that you actively acknowledge and give attribution to all metadata sources including Europeana
Provider: - Institution: - Data provided by Europeana Collections- Articolul face o analiză fizică și filosofică a originii lumii, din ce e format universul și cum a apărut viața pe Pământ. Autorul ...face referire la teoriile lui Gustav Le Bon din lucrarea "L'évolution des force" și ale lui Newton referitoare la crearea Universului- o revizuire a teoriei descendenței- teorii și ipoteze noi în științe- All metadata published by Europeana are available free of restriction under the Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication. However, Europeana requests that you actively acknowledge and give attribution to all metadata sources including Europeana
Provider: - Institution: - Data provided by Europeana Collections- All metadata published by Europeana are available free of restriction under the Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain ...Dedication. However, Europeana requests that you actively acknowledge and give attribution to all metadata sources including Europeana
Provider: - Institution: - Data provided by Europeana Collections- Les atomes / pr Jean Perrin . - Troisième édition. - Paris : Librairie Félix Alcan, 1913. - XVI, 295 p. : ill. ; 19 cm. - (Nouvelle ...Collection Scientifique)- All metadata published by Europeana are available free of restriction under the Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication. However, Europeana requests that you actively acknowledge and give attribution to all metadata sources including Europeana
Provider: - Institution: - Data provided by Europeana Collections- Die Grundlagen der Atomtheorie / Abhandlungen von J. Dalton und W. H. Wollaston ; herausgegeben von W. Ostwald. - Leipzig : Wilhelm ...Engelmann, 1889. - 30 p. ; 20 cm. - (Ostwald's Klassiker der exakten Wissenschaften ; 3)- All metadata published by Europeana are available free of restriction under the Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication. However, Europeana requests that you actively acknowledge and give attribution to all metadata sources including Europeana
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