Gut‐homing γδ T cells are induced by chemokines and cell adhesion molecules and play a critical role in homeostasis and mucosal immunity; however, little is known regarding their upstream regulators. ...We investigated the role of Axl as a specific regulator of chemokines and cell adhesion molecule in the distribution of intestinal γδ T cells. The population of γδ T‐cell receptor‐positive cells including Vγ1 and Vγ7 subsets was remarkably increased in the intraepithelial lymphocytes of Axl mice compared with those of wild‐type (WT) mice. An increased number of migrated γδ T cells were observed in the coculture with intraepithelial cells from Axl–/– mice. The mRNA expression level of chemokine (C‐C motif) ligand (CCL) 25 was specifically higher in the small intestine of Axl–/– mice than in WT mice. In adoptive transfer, the migration of both thymic and extrathymic γδ T cells was increased in Axl–/– mice. The activation of Axl signaling down‐regulated CCL25 expression via ERK signaling pathway and reduced the population of γδ T cells. Systemic dissemination was suppressed in Axl–/– mice infected with Salmonella typhimurium. Thus, our findings suggest that Axl plays a critical role in regulating the migration of γδ T cells for the maintenance of homeostasis and bacterial resistance.—Kim, S.‐M., Park, M., Yee, S.‐M., Ji, K.‐Y., Lee, E.‐H., Nguyen, T.‐V., Nguyen, T. H.‐L., Jang, J., Kim, E.‐M., Choi, H.‐R., Yun, C.‐H., Kang, H.‐S. Axl is a key regulator of intestinal γδ T‐cell homeostasis. FASEB J. 33, 13386–13397 (2019). www.fasebj.org
The increase in the number of microorganisms resistant to antimicrobials motivates the search for strategies that recover the use of traditional antibiotics. Photodynamic Inactivation (PDI) is an ...alternative to antibiotics because the combination of a photosensitizer with light leads to the production of reactive oxygen species that promote the elimination of undesirable cells.
Curcumin and light at 450 nm are applied at regular intervals and new values of minimum inhibitory concentration of antibiotics are obtained.
We demonstrated that the application of PDI reduces the necessary dosage of antibiotics for the elimination of the bacterial cell, proving to be an efficient strategy for application in resistant strains. Furthermore, we verified that the interaction of the photosensitizer with the antibiotics promotes alterations in the metabolism and the bacterial biomolecules.
These results are essential to transfer in vitro studies to the clinical implementation of DIF as an adjuvant to antibiotic therapy.
The increase in the number of microorganisms resistant to antimicrobials motivates the search for strategies that recover the use of traditional antibiotics. Photodynamic Inactivation (PDI) is an ...alternative to antibiotics because the combination of a photosensitizer with light leads to the production of reactive oxygen species that promote the elimination of undesirable cells.
Curcumin and light at 450 nm are applied at regular intervals and new values of minimum inhibitory concentration of antibiotics are obtained.
We demonstrated that the application of PDI reduces the necessary dosage of antibiotics for the elimination of the bacterial cell, proving to be an efficient strategy for application in resistant strains. Furthermore, we verified that the interaction of the photosensitizer with the antibiotics promotes alterations in the metabolism and the bacterial biomolecules.
These results are essential to transfer in vitro studies to the clinical implementation of DIF as an adjuvant to antibiotic therapy.
The overuse of antibiotics in food animals has led to the development of bacterial resistance and the widespread of resistant bacteria in the world. Antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) and ...antibiotic-resistant genes (ARGs) in food animals are currently considered emerging contaminants, which are a serious threat to public health globally. The current situation of ARB and ARGs from food animal farms, manure, and the wastewater was firstly covered in this review. Potential risks to public health were also highlighted, as well as strategies (including novel technologies, alternatives, and administration) to fight against bacterial resistance. This review can provide an avenue for further research, development, and application of novel antibacterial agents to reduce the adverse effects of antibiotic resistance in food animal farms.
In recent years, many antibacterial agents have been produced with the aim of eradicating infectious diseases, but many of these agents are ineffective against the resistance presented by bacteria. ...It is currently estimated that more than 60 % of current antibiotics are ineffective, so the discovery of new drugs is vital. Among the compounds studied in recent years are polyoxotungstates, inorganic compounds targeted for their pharmacological properties. The aim of this study was therefore to chemically characterize two tungstates: calcium and sodium, and to evaluate their microbiological properties, both in combination with antibiotics and due to their ability to reverse the resistance process represented by the expression of the enzyme betalactamase. The microbiological tests were carried out using the microdilution technique, with colorimetric disclosure, using resazurin, and the chemical characterization and vibrational modes of the compounds were evaluated using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy with attenuated total reflectance. Calcium tungstate showed four spectroscopic bands, located between 84 and 1915 cm−1, while sodium tungstate showed two bands at 335 and 935 cm−1. Calcium tungstate intensified the effect of gentamicin against the bacterium Escherichia coli 06, as well as reversing the mechanism of enzymatic resistance presented by the bacteria Staphylococcus aureus K-4100 and K-4414. Given the current scenario of resistance, these results represent new alternatives for the treatment of bacterial infections, allowing a better understanding of the properties of polyoxometalates. These results are unprecedented as far as the literature is concerned.
History of mankind is regarded as struggle against infectious diseases. Rather than observing the withering away of bacterial diseases, antibiotic resistance has emerged as a serious global health ...concern. Medium of antibiotic resistance in bacteria varies greatly and comprises of target protection, target substitution, antibiotic detoxification and block of intracellular antibiotic accumulation. Further aggravation to prevailing situation arose on observing bacteria gradually becoming resistant to different classes of antibiotics through acquisition of resistance genes from same and different genera of bacteria. Attributing bacteria with feature of better adaptability, dispersal of antibiotic resistance genes to minimize effects of antibiotics by various means including horizontal gene transfer (conjugation, transformation, and transduction), Mobile genetic elements (plasmids, transposons, insertion sequences, integrons, and integrative-conjugative elements) and bacterial toxin-antitoxin system led to speedy bloom of antibiotic resistance amongst bacteria. Proficiency of bacteria to obtain resistance genes generated an unpleasant situation; a grave, but a lot unacknowledged, feature of resistance gene transfer.
•Data from 428,847 patients, 2,815,402 bed-days.•We collected 1,468,216 line days, 1,053,330 ventilator days, 1,740,776 urinary catheter days.•We found 7,785 CLAB, 12,085 VAE, and 5,509 CAUTI.•HAI ...rates were 5.91% and 9.01 HAIs/1,000 bed-days.•CLAB rate was 5.3/1000 CL-days; VAE rate was 11.4/1000 MV-days, CAUTI rate was 3.1/1000 UC-days.
We report the results of INICC surveillance study from 2013 to 2018, in 664 intensive care units (ICUs) in 133 cities, of 45 countries, from Latin-America, Europe, Africa, Eastern-Mediterranean, Southeast-Asia, and Western-Pacific.
Prospective data from patients hospitalized in ICUs were collected through INICC Surveillance Online System. CDC-NHSN definitions for device-associated healthcare-associated infection (DA-HAI) were applied.
We collected data from 428,847 patients, for an aggregate of 2,815,402 bed-days, 1,468,216 central line (CL)-days, 1,053,330 mechanical ventilator (MV)-days, 1,740,776 urinary catheter (UC)-days. We found 7,785 CL-associated bloodstream infections (CLAB), 12,085 ventilator-associated events (VAE), and 5,509 UC-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTI). Pooled DA-HAI rates were 5.91% and 9.01 DA-HAIs/1,000 bed-days. Pooled CLAB rate was 5.30/1,000 CL-days; VAE rate was 11.47/1,000 MV-days, and CAUTI rate was 3.16/1,000 UC-days. P aeruginosa was non-susceptible (NS) to imipenem in 52.72% of cases; to colistin in 10.38%; to ceftazidime in 50%; to ciprofloxacin in 40.28%; and to amikacin in 34.05%. Klebsiella spp was NS to imipenem in 49.16%; to ceftazidime in 78.01%; to ciprofloxacin in 66.26%; and to amikacin in 42.45%. coagulase-negative Staphylococci and S aureus were NS to oxacillin in 91.44% and 56.03%, respectively. Enterococcus spp was NS to vancomycin in 42.31% of the cases.
DA-HAI rates and bacterial resistance are high and continuous efforts are needed to reduce them.
Bloodstream infections comprise a wide variety of pathogens and clinical syndromes with considerable overlap with similar syndromes of non-bacteraemic infections and diverse risk factors, therapeutic ...implications and outcomes. Yet, this heterogeneous ‘entity’ has the advantage to be pathogen-defined compared with the broad and even more heterogeneous entity ‘sepsis’, and so has become helpful for clinicians and epidemiologists for research and surveillance purposes. The increasing availability of population-based and large multicentre well-defined cohort studies should allow us to assess with much confidence and in detail its burden, the significance of antimicrobial resistance, and areas of uncertainty regarding further epidemiological evolution and optimized treatment regimens.
To review key aspects of bloodstream infection epidemiology and burden, and summarize recent news and questions concerning critical developments.
Peer-reviewed articles based on the search terms ‘bloodstream infection’ and ‘bacteremia’ combined with the terms ‘epidemiology’ and ‘burden’. The emphasis was on new information from studies in adult patients and on the added burden due to pathogen resistance to first- and second-line antimicrobial agents.
Topics covered include recent developments in the epidemiology of bloodstream infection due to key pathogens and published information about the relevance of resistance for patient outcomes.
Despite the availability of population-based studies and an increasing number of large well-defined multicentre cohort studies, more surveillance and systematic data on bloodstream infection epidemiology at regional level and in resource-limited settings may be needed to better design new methods for prevention and define the need for and further develop optimized therapeutic strategies.
PDF
