Glacier changes are a vivid example of how environmental systems react to a changing climate. Distributed surface mass balance models, which translate the meteorological conditions on glaciers into ...local melting rates, help to attribute and detect glacier mass and volume responses to changes in the climate drivers. A well-calibrated model is a suitable test bed for sensitivity, detection, and attribution analyses for many scientific applications and often serves as a tool for quantifying the inherent uncertainties. Here, we present the open-source COupled Snowpack and Ice surface energy and mass balance model in PYthon (COSIPY), which provides a flexible and user-friendly framework for modeling distributed snow and glacier mass changes. The model has a modular structure so that the exchange of routines or parameterizations of physical processes is possible with little effort for the user. The framework consists of a computational kernel, which forms the runtime environment and takes care of the initialization, the input–output routines, and the parallelization, as well as the grid and data structures. This structure offers maximum flexibility without having to worry about the internal numerical flow. The adaptive subsurface scheme allows an efficient and fast calculation of the otherwise computationally demanding fundamental equations. The surface energy balance scheme uses established standard parameterizations for radiation as well as for the energy exchange between atmosphere and surface. The schemes are coupled by solving both surface energy balance and subsurface fluxes iteratively such that consistent surface skin temperature is returned at the interface. COSIPY uses a one-dimensional approach limited to the vertical fluxes of energy and matter but neglects any lateral processes. Accordingly, the model can be easily set up in parallel computational environments for calculating both energy balance and climatic surface mass balance of glacier surfaces based on flexible horizontal grids and with varying temporal resolution. The model is made available on a freely accessible site and can be used for non-profit purposes. Scientists are encouraged to actively participate in the extension and improvement of the model code.
The temporal variation of glacier mass balance during recent years remains poorly known for the mountain glaciers in the inner Tibetan Plateau (ITP), due to the lack of field measurements. In this ...study, we retrieved the annual glacier mass balance of the Puruogangri ice field, which is the largest modern ice mass in the ITP, by differencing multi-temporal digital elevation models (DEMs) generated with five pairs of TanDEM-X bistatic interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) images acquired between April 2011 and January 2016. We compared the TanDEM-X DEMs in January and April 2012 to estimate the X-band radar penetration depth difference (0.61 ± 0.06 m), which enabled systematic bias correction in the estimation of annual glacier mass balance. The observed mass balance reveals a glacier mass gain of 0.44 ± 0.10 m w.e. yr−1 in 2011–12, which was followed by accelerated glacier mass loss in 2012–16. Glacier mass balances of −0.13 ± 0.03, −0.34 ± 0.06, and − 0.52 ± 0.10 m w.e. yr−1 were estimated for the periods of 2012–13, 2013–14, and 2014–16, respectively. This accelerating trend of glacier mass loss is likely caused by the continuous decrease in annual precipitation, according to the climate data recorded by adjacent meteorological stations. This study demonstrates that repeated bistatic InSAR measurement is a promising method for monitoring glacier elevation change and mass balance at regular intervals.
•We show the potential of regularly monitoring glacier mass balance with InSAR data.•We estimate annual glacier mass balances with TanDEM-X bistatic InSAR measurements.•We detect an acceleration of annual glacier mass loss on the PIF in recent years.•This accelerating mass loss is likely caused by the reduction of precipitation.•We find a considerable X-band radar penetration depth of 0.61 ± 0.06 m in winter.
Wearable sensors are de facto revolutionizing the assessment of standing balance. The aim of this work is to review the state-of-the-art literature that adopts this new posturographic paradigm, i.e., ...to analyse human postural sway through inertial sensors directly worn on the subject body. After a systematic search on PubMed and Scopus databases, two raters evaluated the quality of 73 full-text articles, selecting 47 high-quality contributions. A good inter-rater reliability was obtained (Cohen's kappa = 0.79). This selection of papers was used to summarize the available knowledge on the types of sensors used and their positioning, the data acquisition protocols and the main applications in this field (e.g., "active aging", biofeedback-based rehabilitation for fall prevention, and the management of Parkinson's disease and other balance-related pathologies), as well as the most adopted outcome measures. A critical discussion on the validation of wearable systems against gold standards is also presented.
Change in lake water storage is an important factor influencing hydrological cycle, regional environment, and climate on the Tibetan Plateau (TP) because of the large number (>1000 lakes) and huge ...areas (>46,500 km2) of lakes. Due to the lack of in situ lake level monitoring for most lakes, and long-term continuous satellite altimetry data for some large lakes, estimates of water storage changes for all lakes throughout the TP over a long time is challenging. We have estimated the lake water storage changes of 315 lakes (each lake is >10 km2) during the period of 1976–2013 through an empirical equation based on Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) DEM (Digital Elevation Model) data and Landsat images. These lakes are located within endorheic basins and occupied approximately 80% of the total lake surface areas of the TP in 2013 based on the results of this study and Zhang et al. (2014). The results showed that the lake water storage decreased by 23.69 Gt from 1976 to 1990 and increased by 140.8 Gt from 1990 to 2013. Increased water storage was mainly concentrated in the central TP (regions A) and northern TP (region B). The increase in total lake surface area during the period 2000–2013 in region B (1981.6 km2) was greater than that in region A (1869.1 km2), but the increase in the water storage in the former was half of that in the latter, indicating that lake surface area changes cannot represent the degree of lake water storage change due to differences in the topography and lake size. Although the total variation in the rate of the lake water storage change (7.19 Gt/y) was similar to the rate of increase in the mass (7 ± 7 Gt/y) estimated from Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) data for the whole region, the spatial distribution of these variations was largely different. During the period 2000–2013, a trend analysis revealed that precipitation was perhaps the primary reason for lake change throughout the TP, while a decreasing evaporation rate only contributed approximately 1.5%, 2.5% and 1.7% to the expansions of the lakes in regions A, C and D respectively. However, based on modern glacier mass balance observation data, we estimated that glacial meltwater may have contributed 22.2%, 39.8%, 50.6% and 100% to the increasing water storage during the period 2000–2013 by rough estimates in regions A, B, C and D, respectively, indicating that glacial meltwater perhaps was a primary contributor to lake expansion in region D, which was located in an extremely cold and dry climate with a broad distribution of glaciers.
•Establishing the relationship between lake area and water storage change based on SRTM•Estimating lake water storage change of all lakes (>10 km2) over the Tibetan Plateau•Analyzing the spatial-temporal variation and difference of lake water storage change•Estimating the contribution of glacial meltwater to lake water storage change
This study evaluates a three-week online self-training intervention teaching mindfulness as a cognitive–emotional segmentation strategy. Daily effects on psychological detachment, affective ...well-being, psychological and strain-based work–family conflict, and satisfaction with work–life balance were assessed, with a particular focus on whether segmentation preferences moderate training responsiveness. A randomized wait-list control group design was used for administering daily questionnaires to 190 participants. Psychological detachment, affective well-being, and work–life interface measures were assessed daily. As expected, growth curve analyses revealed positive effects on psychological detachment, psychological work–family conflict, and work–life balance satisfaction. No effects were found for strain-based work–family conflict. Additionally, segmentation preferences moderated the intervention effect on psychological detachment, such that participants with low segmentation preference reported stronger intervention effects. Unexpectedly, affective well-being increased in both groups. Practitioner points Practicing mindfulness as a cognitive–emotional segmentation strategy enables detachment from work. Mindfulness training reduces psychological work–life conflict and enhances work–life balance satisfaction, irrespective of preferences for segmentation or integration. Mindfulness training increases detachment from work most successfully for integrators. Organizational practices and policies are advised to include brief mindfulness interventions in work–life balance programmes.
Hydration during physical activity is a key component of both performance and safety. Several factors impact hydration, including, but not limited to: environmental conditions, such as heat and ...humidity; clothing and cooling strategies; individual fluid losses measured by sweat rate, sweat composition, dietary composition, and nutrition behaviors; and individual attitudes and perceptions of thirst. This Special Issue, “Hydration and Fluid Needs During Physical Activity”, discusses current knowledge and recommendations for assessing, monitoring, and maintaining sufficient hydration during exercise and sport for a diverse range of populations, sports, and conditions. It consists of eleven peer-reviewed papers that cover several aspects relevant to hydration and physical activity.
Summary
Variations in arbuscular mycorrhizae (AM) effects on plant growth (MGR) are commonly assumed to result from cost : benefit balances, with C as the cost and, most frequently, P as the benefit. ...The trade‐balance model (TBM) adopts these assumptions and hypothesizes that mycorrhizal benefit depends on C : N : P stoichiometry. Although widely accepted, the TBM has not been experimentally tested.
We isolated the parameters included in the TBM and tested these assumptions using it as framework. Oryza sativa plants were supplied with different N : P ratios at low light level, establishing different C : P and C : N exchange rates, and C, N or P limitation. MGR and effects on nutrient uptake, %M, ERM, photosynthesis and shoot starch were measured.
C distribution to AM fungi played no role in MGR, and N was essential for all AM effects, including on P nutrition. C distribution to AM and MGR varied with the limiting nutrient (N or P), and evidence of extensive interplay between N and P was observed.
The TBM was not confirmed. The results agreed with the exchange of surplus resources and source–sink regulation of resource distribution among plants and AMF. Rather than depending on exchange rates, resource exchange may simply obey both symbiont needs, not requiring further regulation.
To date, research directed at the work-life balance (WLB) has focused mainly on the work and family domains. However, the current labor force is heterogeneous, and workers may also value other ...nonworking domains besides the family. The aim of this study was to investigate the importance of other nonworking domains in the WLB with a particular focus on health. Moreover, the importance of the effects of the work-family balance (WFB) and the work-health balance (WHB) on job satisfaction was investigated. Finally, we explored how the effects of the WFB and the WHB on job satisfaction change according to worker characteristics (age, gender, parental status, and work ability). This study involved 318 workers who completed an online questionnaire. The importance of the nonworking domains was compared with a
-test. The effect of the WFB and the WHB on job satisfaction was investigated with multiple and moderated regression analyses. The results show that workers considered health as important as family in the WLB. The WHB explained more of the variance in job satisfaction than the WFB. Age, gender and parental status moderated the effect of the WFB on job satisfaction, and work ability moderated the effect of the WHB on job satisfaction. This study highlights the importance of the health domain in the WLB and stresses that it is crucial to consider the specificity of different groups of workers when considering the WLB.
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