Microalgae are photosynthetic cyanobacteria and eukaryotic microorganisms, mainly living in the water. In agriculture, numerous studies have been conducted to utilize microalgae as a biostimulant ...resource. Scenedesmus has been known to be one such microalga that can promote plant growth by secretion of auxin or cytokinin hormone analogs. However, no research has been performed on the effect of microalgae treatment on plant microbiota communities. This study was conducted to investigate the mode of action of microalgae as biostimulants in a plant microbiota perspective by using Scenedesmus sp. CHK0059 (also known as species Chlorella fusca), which has been well documented as a biostimulant for strawberries. The strawberry cultivar Keumsil was bred with Seolhyang and Maehyang as the parent cultivars. Using these three cultivars, microbiota communities were evaluated for changes in structural composition according to the CHK0059 treatment. CHK0059-treated Seolhyang, and CHK0059-untreated Maehyang were similar in microbial diversity in the endosphere. From a microbiota community perspective, the diversity change showed that CHK0059 was affected by the characteristics of the host. Conversely, when CHK0059 treatment was applied, populations of Streptomyces and Actinospica were observed in the crown endosphere.
In this study, two homogeneous chitin and chitosan hexamers and one partially acetylated chitosan hexamer were used to investigate the degree of acetylation (DA) effects of chitooligosaccharides on ...the growth and photosynthesis of wheat seedlings. Both chitin and chitosan hexamers showed a significant promoting effect on the growth and photosynthesis of wheat seedlings but the positive effect depended on their DA. The homogeneous chitosan hexamers (GlcN)6 exhibited the optimal activity compared to other samples. Seven days after (GlcN)6 treatment, the growth parameters of wheat seedlings were all significantly enhanced including fresh mass, dry mass, and length of both shoots and roots, and the contents of soluble sugar were increased by 22.8%. Additionally, (GlcN)6 could significantly promote (by 90.0%) the photosynthetic rate of wheat seedlings. Both Rubisco and fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase activity of photosynthetic carbon metabolism was also found to be significantly improved by (GlcN)6 treatment.
Melatonin, a molecule first discovered in animal tissues, plays an important role in multiple physiological responses as a possible plant master regulator. It mediates responses to different types of ...stress, both biotic and abiotic. Melatonin reduces the negative effects associated with stressors, improving the plant response by increasing plant stress tolerance. When plants respond to stress situations, they use up a large amount of plant resources through a set of perfectly synchronized actions. Responses mediated by melatonin use the plant’s hormones to, after adequate modulation, counteract and overcome the negative action of the stressor. In this paper, we review melatonin–plant hormone relationships. Factors that trigger the stress response and the central role of melatonin are analysed. An extensive analysis of current studies shows that melatonin modulates the metabolism of plant hormones (biosynthesis and catabolism), the rise or fall in their endogenous levels, the regulation of signalling elements and how melatonin affects the final response of auxin, gibberellins, cytokinins, abscisic acid, ethylene, salicylic acid, jasmonates, brassinosteroids, polyamines and strigolactones. Lastly, a general overview of melatonin’s actions and its regulatory role at a global level is provided and proposals for future research are made.
Melatonin in plants regulates the levels of plant hormones through the up‐ or down‐expression of biosynthesis and catabolic genes and signaling elements.
Antibiotic fermentation residue (AFR) is a kind of protein-rich biosolids that would be utilized as valuable substrates for biogas production. However, the effectiveness of conductive material ...supplementation and its effect on the microbiome in anaerobic digestion of AFR have not been fully elucidated. The objective of this study is to access the impact of Fe3O4 addition on anaerobic digestion of AFR and reveal its microbial mechanism. By adding Fe3O4 at concentration of 150 mg/gTS to two typical AFRs, the methane yield was decreased while the methane production rate was significantly enhanced by 48% and 21%, respectively. Genomic analyses revealed that the Fe3O4 addition altered the microbial community by selecting the unknown genus of Anaerolineae with the metabolic capacity of carbohydrate hydrolysis and proteolysis. Meanwhile, the hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis was the dominant pathway in the AFR digestion system, which was mostly contributed by the Methanoculleus and Methanolinea. More interestingly, Methanoculleus might possess fermentative capability involved in the versatile hydrolysis pathway. Although the genes related to electrically conductive pili were detected, the induction of direct interspecies electron transfer by Fe3O4 supplementation was not confirmed in this study. In summary, except the accelerated methane production rate, Fe3O4 addition functioned as biostimulator for Anaerolineae other than electron conduit in anaerobic methanogenesis in the AFR digestion system.
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•The effects of Fe3O4 on performance and microbial process of AFR digestion were investigated.•The Fe3O4 addition enhanced the metabolism of carbohydrate and protein in Anaerolineae.•Hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis was the dominant pathway in the AFR digestion system.•Methanoculleus was involved in fermentation process acting as a versatile hydrolyzer.•Fe3O4 acted as biostimulator for Anaerolineae other than electron conduit in methanogenesis.
Faba bean is the third most important legume species after peas and beans in the world. The study on the influence of the biostimulator Slavol-S on the morphological and production characteristics of ...faba beans (Vicia faba var. minor) were carried out in the growing seasons of two successive years, in the agro-ecological conditions of Banja Luka. During the field research, the following parameters were analyzed: plant height (cm), number of pods per plant, pod length (cm), number of grains per pod, weight of grains per pod (g), harvest index (%) and grain yield (kg ha-1). Two-year average height of the plants in the control treatment was 81.3 cm and under the treatment with biostimulator Slavol-S it was 105.1 cm. The effect of the treatment with the biostimulator on the height was highly significant in both years. Two-year average number of pods per plant in the control treatment was 9.25, while in the treatment with the biostimulator it was 12.38. The effect of biostimulator on the number of pods per plant was highly significant. In the control variant, two year average number of seed per plant was 1.97, while biostimulator treatment provided 2.41 seeds per plant. Two year average harvest index under the treatment with biostimulator was 9.33% higher than in the control variant. The impact of biostimulants was highly statistically significant and is recommended for improving beans production.
During in vitro multiplication of Hosta ‘Gold Drop’, 20 g l-1 sucrose, 5.5 g l-1 agar and 4 concentrations (0.1-0.8 ml l-1) of Ferbanat L, Kelpak, Pentakeep-V were added to half-strength Murashige ...and Skoog (MS) basal medium. As compared to the control and other biostimulators, plants with lower peroxidase activity, larger fresh weight, more, longer shoots and roots, larger leaves were developed on medium containing Kelpak. The best concentration was 0.4 ml l-1 for in vitro rooting, shoot formation, plant weight and ex vitro chlorophyll, carotenoid level, peroxidase activity. Pentakeep was the less efficient biostimulator, increasing of its concentration mostly decreased root and shoot values (furthermore, abnormal callus formation was observed, as non-wanted effect), chlorophyll content and sizes (length, width) of leaves, not only during in vitro propagation but also (as after-effect) acclimatization because of the high mortality and weakly developed survivor plants.
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•Lipid-core nanocapsules are feasible carriers for delivering dermal ursolic acid.•Ursolic-acid loaded nanocapsules led to a more rapid retraction of wound lesions.•Histological ...analysis demonstrated reduced inflammation and increased angiogenesis.•Ursolic-acid loaded nanocapsules stimulated the collagen synthesis.
The skin aging process in women is accelerated due to decreases in serum estrogen levels triggered by the menopause process. Hence, poly(L-lactic acid) lipid-core nanocapsules containing ursolic acid (NPLA-UA) were developed using the interfacial deposition of the preformed polymer methodology as a strategy to reduce damages to the healing process caused by hormonal deficiency in ovariectomized rats. The colloidal suspensions of nanocapsules presented adequate size and morphology (254 and 375 nm), negative zeta potential (-31 and −37 mV), high encapsulation efficiency (99.89 %), and amorphous character.
The analyses performed in an in vivo healing trial showed that the treatment with NPLA-UA resulted in faster wound retraction with less inflammatory response. In addition, the angiogenic process was stimulated increased synthesis of dermal collagen occurred. Ursolic acid-loaded, lipid-core nanocapsules are suitable for treating skin changes triggered by decreased estrogen in menopause.
The robust safety and efficacy profile associated with the use of biodegradable fillers such as poly-L-lactic acid (PLLA) for facial rejuvenation has resulted in a growing interest in off-label use ...for various aesthetic applications, including gluteal augmentation. The authors describe a novel targeted and individualized technique of PLLA injection into the buttock region.
The technique involves clinical and anatomical evaluations of the gluteal region, and there are three distinct approaches for injecting PLLA in the gluteal region based on the most important factor to be improved: (1) skin quality, (2) contour and lifting, or (3) projection and volume.
This novel technique is associated with favorable patient outcomes in terms of improvements across all key areas of gluteal augmentation; improvement in skin quality and laxity, contour improvement and lifting, and gluteal volume and projection. Since its initiation, this technique has been found to be both cost-effective and clinically efficacious, with demonstratable benefits achieved with a lower volume of PLLA compared to other PLLA injection techniques.
Assessment of patient outcomes with this technique have, to date, been subjective clinical observations, which does not include quantitative outcomes such as patient satisfaction data or safety outcomes.
We describe an optimized and individualized approach for injecting the collagen biostimulator PLLA in the gluteal region according to the needs of each patient.
Harsh or extreme environmental conditions largely determine the vegetative and reproductive development of plants. In the case of cultivated plants, their growth and yield are clearly diminished if ...they are exposed to severe conditions such as drought, waterlogging, extreme heat or cold, UV radiation, or toxic substances in the soil such as salts, heavy metals and pesticides. Melatonin has been studied for decades as a molecule capable of reducing the negative effects of abiotic stressors by increasing tolerance to these adverse growth conditions. This work presents a review of the most outstanding studies with various plant species in each of the above-mentioned stress situations, including proteomic and post-translational studies. Melatonin mediates plant responses to abiotic stress, generally inducing an antioxidative response, and also regulating a complex gene response adapted to individual stressors. Plants are able to increase their endogenous melatonin levels through the application of exogenous melatonin or through the inductive mechanism of endogenous melatonin biosynthesis. In such ways, plants are able to cope with the stressful situation at hand, accommodating their metabolism, morphology and physiology in order to increase overall survival and induce greater tolerance to stress. The agronomic implications of the use of melatonin are discussed.
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