Camelina oil (CO) is a potential replacement for fish oil (FO) in aquaculture feeds. CO is high in α-linolenic acid (18:3n-3 or ALA) (35%), with an omega-3/omega-6 (n-3/n-6) ratio near 2. In order to ...test the effect of CO on the overall performance of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus var. GIFT), feed utilization, lipid composition and capacity to synthesize the long-chain fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n-3 or EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3 or DHA) from ALA, were tested in an 8-week feeding trial with juvenile tilapia. The average fish weight at the start was 28 ± 6 g and they were grown in a biofloc system. Four dietary treatments were formulated, two containing either fish oil (TFO) or camelina oil (TCO), and two more where FO was replaced by CO at low (Low-CO) and mid (Mid-CO) levels. A commercial diet (COM) was used as a reference diet. Compound-specific stable isotope analysis (CSIA) and stable isotope mixing models with R software (SIAR) were used to calculate the contribution of ALA to EPA and DHA synthesis. At the end of the experiment, replacing FO by CO had no effect on growth (139 ± 22 g fish−1) or total lipid in the muscle (2.2–2.9 g). However, the tilapia fed TCO had significantly more phospholipid in muscle compared to tilapia fed TFO. Also, a higher content of linoleic acid (18:2n-6 or LOA) and ALA was revealed. ALA content in muscle followed the ALA content in diets; by contrast, EPA and DHA decreased significantly as the level of dietary CO increased. Despite the variation in fatty acids, n-3 PUFA and the n-3/n-6 ratio in muscle tissue did not show differences among experimental diets. CSIA revealed that the δ13C isotopic signature of DHA in tilapia muscle after feeding TCO and biofloc was slightly but significantly enriched in (Budge et al., 2008)C. However, CO feeding resulted in a significantly depleted isotopic signal for docosapentaenoic acid (22:5n-3 or DPA) compared to FO. SIAR indicated that 28% of DHA, 36% of EPA, and 40% of DPA was synthesized from camelina oil ALA.
•The total replacement of fish oil by camelina oil in the diet for tilapia not decreased the growth performance.•Camelina oil not increased EPA + DHA in fillet as fish oil did but produced an adequate n-3/n-6 ratio for human diet.•The CSIA showed that 28–40% of n-3 LC-PUFA in tilapia muscle could be synthesized from camelina oil ALA.
Polyurethane (PU) coatings have garnered considerable attention across diverse applications and industries, owing to their versatile physiochemical attributes. Despite their widespread use, the ...environmental implications associated with their carbon footprint have raised concerns in recent years. To address this issue, we explored the potential of Camelina oil as a base chemical for synthesizing polyesteramide polyols as a viable alternative to petrochemical-based materials. Consequently, we formulated biocarbon-rich polyurethane coatings using the synthesized polyols. Initially, we synthesized a fatty amide intermediate through a transamidation reaction, involving the interaction of diethanolamine and triglyceride. Subsequently, we produced three distinct polyesteramide polyols using citric acid, itaconic acid, and phthalic acid. To confirm the formation of ester and amide linkages, we employed various structural analyses, including Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, on the Camelina-oil-derived polyols. Furthermore, we utilized quantitative techniques such as titration to ascertain hydroxyl number, acid number, and amine value. Our structural analyses corroborated the establishment of ester linkage and the incorporation of OH functionality in Camelina oil, while titration results indicated a remarkable 1200 % surge in hydroxyl value. We subsequently employed the three polyesteramide polyols to fabricate polyurethane coatings, subjecting them to a battery of tests. The resultant biobased coatings were assessed using Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA), Thermo-Gravimetric Analysis (TGA), and an array of surface characteristics such as gloss, hardness, impact resistance, water contact angle, and saline resistance. All tested samples exhibited satisfactory thermal stability, with the biocarbon content of the final PU coatings measuring at least 61.6 %. Moreover, our study demonstrates that the derived polyurethane coatings hold promise for non-wet applications, particularly in the realm of interior coatings.
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•Explored the potential of Camelina oil for synthesizing polyesteramide polyols.•Produced three distinct polyesteramide polyols using citric acid, itaconic acid, and phthalic acid.•Achieved up to 1200 % increase in hydroxyl value.•Camelina-oil coatings showed good thermal stability, mechanical performance and at least 61.6 % biocarbon content.
Inedible camelina oil (CSO) contains fatty acids with a high degree of unsaturation (1.8 double bonds per fatty acid on average). CSO was hydrotreated at temperatures 340–370 °C, pressures of ...15–50 bar, and liquid hour space velocities (LHSVs) of 0.8–1.1 h-1 for the production of hydrocarbons that are usable as diesel components. First, hydrotreating pure CSO at 340–370 oC and low hydrogen pressures of 15–25 bar led to the formation of a mixture of n-/iso- alkanes, aromatics, and higher olefins. The presence of CC double bonds in the CSO molecule affected the progress of the side reactions and caused rapid deactivation and coking of the catalyst, especially at low hydrogen partial pressure. Hydrotreatment co-processing of polyunsaturated CSO and partially hydrogenated CSO was then done with two different gas oils or two paraffinic solvents in the range of concentration 5–20%. Co-hydrotreatment took place in a bench-scale trickle-bed reactor using commercial NiMoP/γ-Al2O3 catalysts (catalysts A and B) and a prepared catalyst, NiMoCuP/ZrO2-γ-Al2O3 (catalyst C). High triacylglyceride conversion to hydrocarbons was achieved when CSO was hydrogenated in a mixture with paraffinic solvents on NiMoP/γ-Al2O3 catalysts at hydrogen partial pressures above 30 bar and temperatures above 350 oC. CSO decarboxylation/decarbonylation reactions prevailed over hydrodeoxygenation. Hydrodeoxygenation (72%) was predominant for catalyst C with significant methanation of CO and CO2. There was a complete TAG conversion into hydrocarbons when co-processing a mixture of CSO and atmospheric gas oil at a temperature of 360 oC, LHSV of 0.8 h-1, a hydrogen pressure of 50 bar, and various ratios of hydrogen to raw material from 312 to 656 NL.L-1. The deoxygenation activity decreased in the order of catalysts C>B>A. Increasing the ratio of H2 to feed had a positive effect on the composition and properties of the liquid product. During experiments with catalyst C at 50 bar, 370 °C, and ratios of hydrogen to raw material of 293–656 NL.L-1, the cetane index increased from 46 to 58, and the polyaromatic content decreased from 12.5 to 4.4 wt%. The sulphur and nitrogen contents of the product (29.5 mg.kg-1 and 13.2 mg.kg-1) were higher than expected. In the case of catalyst C, the degree of desulphurization was lower than that of catalysts A and B.
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•Hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) of polyunsaturated Camelina sativa oil (CSO) studied.•Olefins and aromatics formed during HDO of CSO at low H2 pressure.•Unsaturated TAG from CSO did not decrease HDO efficiency in co-processing.•HDS efficiency negatively affected by unsaturated fatty acids from feedstock.•Second hydrogenation necessary to increase stability of CSO HDO products.
•65 spring genotypes and 9 winter genotypes of camelina were analyzed.•UPLC-DAD and GC–MS showed no differences in the results for the camelina samples.•The content of the C22:1 acid was 3.432% in ...spring and 0.1% in winter genotypes.•The content of individual lines fluctuated around the average.
Camelina oil is increasingly popular as consumption as oil. Erucic acid is an unwanted fatty acid in oil. First studies on several genotypes have shown that this oil contains varying amounts of eriuc acid. The aim of the study was to analyses content of eriuc acid in all genotypes camelina. Hypothesis was that the content of erucic acid in winter forms is lower than in spring ones. A field experiment with 65 spring genotypes and 9 winter genotypes of camelina was conducted in Poland from 2016 to 2018. The analyses based on two chromatographic methods, i.e. UPLC-DAD and GC–MS, showed no differences in the results for the camelina samples. The average percentage content of the erucic acid in the spring genotypes was 3.432%, and in the winter genotypes was 0.1%. Our three-year research shows that some winter varieties can be used as low erucic acid forms.
The present study evaluated the use of camelina (CO) and black soldier fly larvae (BSFLO) oils as replacements of fish oil (FO) in diets for juvenile Totoaba macdonaldi, and their effect on growth, ...proximate composition, fatty acid (FA) profile of tissues, and gene expression of bile salt-dependent (BSDL) and colipase-dependent (CDPL) pancreatic lipases. Four isoproteic (51% crude protein) and isolipidic (14% crude fat) diets were formulated based on a 2 × 2 factorial design with two lipid sources, CO and BSFLO, each tested at two levels of replacement of FO, 30 and 60%. A control diet containing 100% FO was included as a reference. Fish with an overall initial weight (mean ± standard deviation, S.D.) of 3.0 ± 0.1 g were stocked at a density of 100 fish m−3. Each diet was randomly assigned to five replicate tanks, and four tanks for the control. After 7 weeks, weight gain (WG, P = 0.0302) and thermal growth coefficient (TGC, P = 0.0408) were significantly reduced in fish fed the 60% FO replacement level in comparison to the 30% level; fish fed diets containing 30% BSFLO were the only ones achieving statistically similar WG (59.40 g) and TGC (0.175) as fish fed the control diet (WG of 60.68 g and TGC of 0.177). Muscle and liver tissues of fish reflected the FA profiles of experimental diets; fish fed BSFLO showed greater content of lauric acid (12:0) in muscle (0.14–0.17 mg g−1), while alpha-linolenic acid (18:3n-3) was higher in those fed CO (0.25–0.51 mg g−1). Docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3) content was statistically similar in fillets from all different treatments, demonstrating selective retention of this biologically important FA, but eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n-3) decreased as the level of FO replacement by CO or BSFLO in diets increased. The presence of BSDL and CDPL in the digestive tract of T. macdonaldi was confirmed for the first time, but regulation of their gene expression was not significantly affected at a transcriptional level by the progressive replacement of FO by CO or BSFLO under these experimental conditions. These findings suggest that 30% of FO can be successfully replaced by BSFLO in diets for juvenile T. macdonaldi, and a 100 g fillet from fish fed this diet would provide 284 mg of DHA + EPA, satisfying the daily intake recommended for adult consumers.
•Black soldier fly larvae oil can effectively replace 30% of fish oil in juvenile T. macdonaldi diets, but not camelina oil.•A 100 g fillet from fish fed this diet would provide 284 mg of DHA+EPA, satisfying the recommended daily intake for consumers.•Bile salt-dependent and colipase-dependent pancreatic lipases in T. macdonaldi were confirmed for the first time.•Their gene expression was not significantly affected at a transcriptional level by fish oil replacement under these conditions.
Camelina Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz is cultivated worldwide as a rotational oilseed crop under a range of agronomic and environmental conditions. In recent years, interest in camelina has increased ...due to its short vegetation season, modest agricultural and environmental requirements for cultivation, high seed and biomass (straw) yield, high seed oil content, high polyunsaturated fatty acids content in the oil, and multiple uses. This paper is an overview of the initial steps of any camelina-based production process, such as plant cultivation and harvesting, seed pretreatment, and oil recovery. The main features of the camelina plant and seed are shortly described. The prominent issues of harvesting, cleaning, drying, storing, and pretreating of camelina seed are discussed. The main part of the paper is focused on oil recovery from the pretreated seed. The traits of various camelina oil recovery methods are stressed. The physicochemical properties and composition of camelina oil, with an emphasis on fatty acid profile and bioactive substances (tocopherols, vitamins, polyphenols, sterols, glucosinolates, etc.) contents, are considered. The traditional, actual, and prospective uses of camelina seed, oil, meal, and straw are briefly overviewed. Based on the fatty acid profile of the oil, the bioactive constituents of the meal, and the lignocellulosic content of straw, the camelina plant can be utilized in the biofuels, food, feed, and pharmaceutical industries. Future valorization of camelina should be based on full exploitation of its whole biomass in a biorefinery as it will give the high-added-value to its oil, meal, and straw.
•Camelina (Camelina sativa L.) is a promising industrial crop.•Camelina seed processing includes cleaning, pretreatment, and oil recovery.•Pressing and solvent extraction are two main methods of camelina seed oil recovery.•The pre-press/solvent extraction process is the most efficient oil recovery method.•Whole camelina biomass can be fully valorized employing the biorefinery concept.
► We optimized alkali-catalyzed transesterification reaction of camelina seed oil through orthogonal experiments. ► Product yield and FAME yield increased with increasing level of factors but reduced ...after the optimal point. ► Catalyst concentration is a significant factor for the product yield and FAME yield. ► Reaction temperature is a significant factor for the product yield. ► Reaction time affects the FAME yield dramatically.
Camelina oil is a low-cost feedstock for biodiesel production that has received a great deal of attention in recent years. This paper describes an optimization study on the production of biodiesel from camelina seed oil using alkaline transesterification. The optimization was based on sixteen well-planned orthogonal experiments (OA
16 matrix). Four main process conditions in the transesterification reaction for obtaining the maximum biodiesel production yield (i.e. methanol quantity, reaction time, reaction temperature and catalyst concentration) were investigated. It was found that the order of significant factors for biodiesel production is catalyst concentration
>
reaction time
>
reaction temperature
>
methanol to oil ratio. Based on the results of the range analysis and analysis of variance (ANOVA), the maximum biodiesel yield was found at a molar ratio of methanol to oil of 8:1, a reaction time of 70
min, a reaction temperature of 50
°C, and a catalyst concentration of 1
wt.%. The product and FAME yields of biodiesel under optimal conditions reached 95.8% and 98.4%, respectively. The properties of the optimized biodiesel, including density, kinematic viscosity, acid value, etc., were determined and compared with those produced from other oil feedstocks. The optimized biodiesel from camelina oil meets the relevant ASTM D6571 and EN 14214 biodiesel standards and can be used as a qualified fuel for diesel engines.
Cracking of camelina oil over non-catalyst and ZSM-5 catalyst doped with different Zn concentrations (0, 10, 20 and 30wt.%) in a fixed-bed reactor was investigated. The fresh and used catalysts were ...characterized using XRD, FT-IR, BET and TEM. Characterizations of the produced hydrocarbon biofuel, distillation residual and non-condensable gas were carried out. The effect of non-catalyst and catalyst on the physicochemical properties and yield of products was discussed. The results showed that the introduction of Zn did not change the zeolite crystalline structure and ZnO might deposit on the external surface and/or inside the pores of the support ZSM-5. After upgrading, hydrocarbon biofuel had a lower viscosity, lower density, higher heating value (HHV) and higher water content than raw camelina oil. The optimum Zn concentration to ZSM-5 was 20wt.%, at which the highest hydrocarbon biofuel yield and comprehensively the best quality were obtained. Compared to non-catalytic cracking of camelina oil, the loading of Zn to ZSM-5 could improve some physicochemical properties of the hydrocarbon biofuel. In addition, the loading of Zn to ZSM-5 could facilitate the chemical reactions such as decarbonylation and dehydrogenation.
•Hydrocarbon biofuel produced from inedible camelina oil for future bio-jet fuel production was targeted.•Effects of non-catalyst and zinc-loaded ZSM-5 on the product yield and properties were evaluated.•The highest hydrocarbon biofuel yield was obtained over ZSM-5 doped with 20wt.% Zn.•Used catalysts might be regenerated for further catalytic cracking.
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•Novozym® 435 modification with 2,4,6-trinitrobenzensulfonic acid favors oil reaction.•Support swelling by solvent accelerates alcoholysis catalyzed by Novozym® 435 adducts.•TNBS ...derivative is also more stable than Novozym® 435 in methanolysis with solvent.•Breaking of support particles is reduced by the 7 different modifications studied.•Product deposits do not impose any significant mass transfer restrictions.
Alcoholysis of oils mediated by immobilized lipases are limited by mass transfer effects on substrates. In this work, Novozym® 435 lipase was subjected to seven different chemical derivatizations. The effects of changes in the enzyme surface and changes of the support particles size, on substrates mass transfer restrictions were studied on the alcoholysis of Camelina oil in the presence or not of t-butanol as co-solvent.
Significant changes of the support particle size were detected after their chemical modification. The particle size of Lewatit VP OC 1600 support of Novozym® 435 diminished in solvent-free systems. Alcoholysis rates in t-butanol media were enhanced caused by two favorable effects of this solvent: substrates dissolution and support swelling. This latter effect was not sufficient to promote protein desorption during processing. The hydrophobic environment created by 2,4,6-trinitrobenzensulfonic acid (TNBS) derivatization favoured the oil conversion. The TNBS derivative was also more stable than Novozym® 435 in methanolysis with solvent.
Scanning electron microscopy revealed that after 14 reaction cycles of 24h, a large proportion of biocatalyst particles were broken; however, matrix rupture did not cause biocatalysts inactivation. All modifications studied seemed to protect the support particles from breaking. Accumulated product particles on all biocatalysts surfaces did not impose significant mass transfer restrictions to substrates, but prevented protein desorption in urea solution.
•Epoxidation parameters of camelina oil were optimized.•Maximal epoxy content of 7.52wt% with a conversion rate of 76.34% was obtained.•Epoxidation efficiency is affected by fatty acids composition ...and distribution.•Camelina oil showed great potential for adhesive applications.
Camelina oil is a promising material for the biopolymer industry due to its high unsaturated fatty acid content of 90%. The aim of this study was to optimize the epoxidation parameters of camelina oil. The epoxidation reaction of camelina oil was completed with formic acid and hydrogen peroxide. Catalyst ratio, reaction time, and temperature effects on the epoxidation reaction were studied. The optimum epoxy content of 7.52wt% with a conversion rate of 76.34% was obtained for camelina oil using excess hydrogen peroxide and a molar ratio of formic acid of less than 1 for 5h at 50°C. We also found that epoxidation efficiency is significantly affected by fatty acids composition, structure, and distribution. The di-hydroxylized epoxidized camelina oil showed higher peel adhesion when it was formulated with epoxidized soybean oils. Epoxidized camelina oil has potential industrial applications in the field of pressure sensitive adhesives, coatings, and resins.
