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•Novozym® 435 modification with 2,4,6-trinitrobenzensulfonic acid favors oil reaction.•Support swelling by solvent accelerates alcoholysis catalyzed by Novozym® 435 adducts.•TNBS ...derivative is also more stable than Novozym® 435 in methanolysis with solvent.•Breaking of support particles is reduced by the 7 different modifications studied.•Product deposits do not impose any significant mass transfer restrictions.
Alcoholysis of oils mediated by immobilized lipases are limited by mass transfer effects on substrates. In this work, Novozym® 435 lipase was subjected to seven different chemical derivatizations. The effects of changes in the enzyme surface and changes of the support particles size, on substrates mass transfer restrictions were studied on the alcoholysis of Camelina oil in the presence or not of t-butanol as co-solvent.
Significant changes of the support particle size were detected after their chemical modification. The particle size of Lewatit VP OC 1600 support of Novozym® 435 diminished in solvent-free systems. Alcoholysis rates in t-butanol media were enhanced caused by two favorable effects of this solvent: substrates dissolution and support swelling. This latter effect was not sufficient to promote protein desorption during processing. The hydrophobic environment created by 2,4,6-trinitrobenzensulfonic acid (TNBS) derivatization favoured the oil conversion. The TNBS derivative was also more stable than Novozym® 435 in methanolysis with solvent.
Scanning electron microscopy revealed that after 14 reaction cycles of 24h, a large proportion of biocatalyst particles were broken; however, matrix rupture did not cause biocatalysts inactivation. All modifications studied seemed to protect the support particles from breaking. Accumulated product particles on all biocatalysts surfaces did not impose significant mass transfer restrictions to substrates, but prevented protein desorption in urea solution.
•Epoxidation parameters of camelina oil were optimized.•Maximal epoxy content of 7.52wt% with a conversion rate of 76.34% was obtained.•Epoxidation efficiency is affected by fatty acids composition ...and distribution.•Camelina oil showed great potential for adhesive applications.
Camelina oil is a promising material for the biopolymer industry due to its high unsaturated fatty acid content of 90%. The aim of this study was to optimize the epoxidation parameters of camelina oil. The epoxidation reaction of camelina oil was completed with formic acid and hydrogen peroxide. Catalyst ratio, reaction time, and temperature effects on the epoxidation reaction were studied. The optimum epoxy content of 7.52wt% with a conversion rate of 76.34% was obtained for camelina oil using excess hydrogen peroxide and a molar ratio of formic acid of less than 1 for 5h at 50°C. We also found that epoxidation efficiency is significantly affected by fatty acids composition, structure, and distribution. The di-hydroxylized epoxidized camelina oil showed higher peel adhesion when it was formulated with epoxidized soybean oils. Epoxidized camelina oil has potential industrial applications in the field of pressure sensitive adhesives, coatings, and resins.
There is a growing trend of ‘replacing’ long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-3 LC PUFA) rich oils with C18 shorter-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid rich oils in Atlantic salmon ...aquafeed formulations. n-3 LC PUFA, including 20:5n-3 and 22:6n-3, play contrasting physiological roles and are metabolised differently in comparison to C18 PUFA. Accordingly, the present study recorded the effect of replacing n-3 LC PUFA rich dietary fish oil with C18 n-3 PUFA rich camelina oil at two inclusion levels in commercial-like diets fed to market-sized Atlantic salmon. This assessment was achieved by an analysis of industry relevant production parameters including growth performance, fatty acid composition and metabolism, nutrient digestibility and consumer acceptance (liking and attribute analysis of fillet). The trial was conducted over the final 150 days of an on-farm grow-out period in seawater. The dietary replacement of n-3 LC PUFA with C18 n-3 PUFA resulted in a significant decrease in fillet n-3 LC PUFA and a poorer growth performance. However, in the absence of fish oil, the inclusion of camelina oil at high levels (40%) contributed to an improved n-6/n-3 ratio and partially ameliorated low dietary n-3 LC PUFA by providing added substrate for endogenous n-3 LC PUFA synthesis in comparison to a 20% camelina oil inclusion. Furthermore, consumer acceptance of Atlantic salmon was unaffected by the dietary addition of camelina oil.
•The dietary replacement of n-3 LC PUFA with C18 n-3 PUFA resulted in a decrease in fillet n-3 LC PUFA and poorer growth.•Camelina oil at a diet lipid level of 40% provided an improved n-6/n-3 ratio in the fillet compared to a 20% inclusion level.•High dietary provision of camelina oil provided added substrate for endogenous n-3 LC PUFA synthesis in Atlantic salmon.•Consumer acceptance including overall taste of Atlantic salmon fillet was unaffected by the dietary addition of camelina oil.
This study was aimed to evaluate the effects of
Camelina sativa
oil (CO) on fermentation kinetics and methane (CH
4
) production in rations with different roughage (R) to concentrate (C) ratios. ...Three total mixed rations (TMRs) were used as substrates (R70:C30, R50:C50, and R30:C70) supplemented with different levels of CO (0, 2, 4, 6, and 8% on dry matter basis) in an
in vitro
batch culture system. The enteric CH
4
production was determined at different times of incubation while fermentation parameters were measured at the end of incubation. Results revealed that CO significantly decreased (
P
< 0.05) CH
4
production at 48 h in medium (R50:C50) and low- (R30:C70) roughage diets than control. Camelina oil at all levels significantly (
P
< 0.05) affected ammonia nitrogen (NH
3
-N) and microbial protein (MCP) in all rations. Propionate concentration was increased by supplementing 8% CO to R70:C30 TMR, but it decreased with increasing levels of CO for low- and medium-roughage diets. Acetate concentration was significantly (
P
< 0.05) higher at 4% CO supplementation, but it decreased with 8% CO level in R30:C70 TMR. For all rations, CO decreased (
P
< 0.001) total bacteria, protozoa, and methanogens. Total fungi counts were affected by CO in all rations, especially with a 6% level in two rations (R30:C70 and R50:C50) and 8% level with high-roughage ration (R70:C30). Supplementation of CO in medium-roughage ration (R50:C50) showed a linear (
P
< 0.05) decrease in bacterial richness and evenness indices along with Shannon diversity as compared to the control. Moreover, CO also increased
Firmicutes
to
Bacteroidetes
ratio in all TMRs more effectively at higher levels. Camelina oil also affected the relative abundance of
Prevotella
in both low- and medium-roughage diets while increasing the abundance of
Ruminobacter
and
Pseudobutyrivibrio
. The present study concluded that CO enhanced fermentation kinetics while decreasing enteric
in vitro
CH
4
production from fibrous diets. Thus, it may be considered as a potentially effective and environmentally friendly way of mitigating CH
4
emission from livestock.
The structure of hydrocarbon chain of fatty acids is similar to the petroleum products. Therefore, they are an ideal alternative for petroleum lubricant and diesel fuel, due to their renewability and ...biodegradability. In this study, intensification of transesterification reaction using microwave heating was applied to produce biodiesel with camelina oil. The heat energy required for the reaction was supplied by a microwave with a mechanical stirrer. H-NMR was used to analyze the transesterification reaction yield. The parameters namely reaction time, catalyst load and molar ratio of methanol to oil were investigated to maximize the yield using RSM-BBD design. The results showed that the highest biodiesel yield of 95.31% (desirability of 95%) was obtained at the reaction time of 5.85 min, catalyst concentration of 1.26 wt%, and the molar ratio of 6.91. Moreover, the physicochemical characteristics of the produced biodiesel could meet the requirements of EN14214 and ASTM D6751 biodiesel standards.
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•The operational factors were investigated using RSM- Box Behnken approach.•H-NMR was used to analyze the efficiency of the transesterification reaction.•Highest yield of 95.31% was obtained under optimum conditions.•The R2 coefficient for quadratic model of biodiesel reaction efficiency was 97.80%.•The characteristics of produced biodiesel complied with EN14214 and ASTM D6751.
•Hydrocarbon biofuel produced from camelina oil for bio-jet fuel production was targeted.•Optimization of catalytic cracking conditions for hydrocarbon biofuel production was carried out.•Effect of ...three upgrading conditions on hydrocarbon biofuel yield and quality was evaluated.•The order of significant factors was oil extraction press frequency≻reaction temperature≻liquid hourly space velocity.
Catalytic cracking of camelina oil over Zn/ZSM-5 catalyst in a fixed-bed tubular reactor was investigated. An optimization study on the catalytic cracking conditions based on nine well-planned orthogonal experiments was carried out. Three main operation conditions including reaction temperature, liquid hourly space velocity and oil extraction press frequency were studied to examine their effects on the yield and quality of hydrocarbon biofuel produced. Characterization of the catalyst, hydrocarbon biofuel and non-condensable gas was conducted. There was no significant difference between the bulk structures of fresh Zn/ZSM-5 and used Zn/ZSM-5. Small ZnO particles dispersed well on the parent ZSM-5. Hydrocarbon biofuel contained 65.18% hydrocarbons and its properties including dynamic viscosity, density and higher heating value were improved after upgrading, compared to camelina oil. It was found that the oil extraction press frequency was the most important factor and liquid hourly space velocity was the least important factor for the hydrocarbon biofuel production. In addition, the optimum conditions for camelina oil upgrading were a combination of reaction temperature of 550°C, a liquid hourly space velocity of 1.0h−1 and an oil extraction press frequency of 15Hz.
Renewable biofuels offer good performance characteristics as fossil liquid fuels while reducing the emission of pollutants and greenhouse gases helping promote sustainability. Colorless distributed ...combustion (CDC) for gas turbine applications offers robust means of providing understanding of performance and emissions characteristics using liquid biofuels. In this study, performance and emission characteristics are reported from the combustion of a liquid biofuel, hydroprocessed esters and fatty acids synthetic paraffinic kerosene (HEFA-SPK), derived from camelina oil. Currently HEFA-SPK is approved in up to a 50% blend with jet fuel (JP-8) for commercial and military applications. Experiments conducted on various blended ratios of HEFA-SPK to JP-8 are reported, ranging from 100% JP-8 to 100% HEFA-SPK. Experiments were carried out on a swirl-assisted burner at thermal intensity of 5.7 MW/m-atm, with oxidizer preheated and fuel pre-vaporized to 600 K. Distributed combustion conditions were achieved by reducing the oxygen concentration in the oxidizer through adding diluent gases of N2 and CO2 simulating internal entrainment of hot reactive gases. The effect of blended fuel properties on flame structure (through OH* chemiluminescence) and emissions are reported here. HEFA-SPK and JP-8 showed ultra-low NO emission under CDC, ranging between 2 and 2.5 ppm. HEFA-SPK showed significant reduction in CO of up to 50% compared to JP-8 fuel. This study revealed that camelina oil derived fuel produced from biomass can be used as a mixture component with JP-8, maintaining high combustion performance while providing ultra-low CO emission. The biofuels also help support reduction of lifecycle CO2 emission.
The potential of dietary supplements of 2 live yeast strains (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) or camelina oil to lower ruminal methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) production and the associated effects ...on animal performance, rumen fermentation, rumen microbial populations, nutrient metabolism, and milk fatty acid (FA) composition of cows fed grass silage-based diets were examined. Four Finnish Ayrshire cows (53±7 d in milk) fitted with rumen cannula were used in a 4×4 Latin square with four 42-d periods. Cows received a basal total mixed ration (control treatment) with a 50:50 forage-to-concentrate ratio on a dry matter (DM) basis containing grass silage, the same basal total mixed ration supplemented with 1 of 2 live yeasts, A or B, administered directly in the rumen at 1010 cfu/d (treatments A and B), or supplements of 60g of camelina oil/kg of diet DM that replaced concentrate ingredients in the basal total mixed ration (treatment CO). Relative to the control, treatments A and B had no effects on DM intake, rumen fermentation, ruminal gas production, or apparent total-tract nutrient digestibility. In contrast, treatment CO lowered DM intake and ruminal CH4 and CO2 production, responses associated with numerical nonsignificant decreases in total-tract organic matter digestibility, but no alterations in rumen fermentation characteristics or changes in the total numbers of rumen bacteria, methanogens, protozoa, and fungi. Compared with the control, treatment CO decreased the yields of milk, milk fat, lactose, and protein. Relative to treatment B, treatment CO improved nitrogen utilization due to a lower crude protein intake. Treatment A had no influence on milk FA composition, whereas treatment B increased cis-9 10:1 and decreased 11-cyclohexyl 11:0 and 24:0 concentrations. Treatment CO decreased milk fat 8:0 to 16:0 and total saturated FA, and increased 18:0, 18:1, 18:2, conjugated linoleic acid, 18:3n-3, and trans FA concentrations. Decreases in ruminal CH4 production to treatment CO were related, at least in part to lowered DM intake, whereas treatments had no effect on ruminal CH4 emission intensity (g/kg of digestible organic matter intake or milk yield). Results indicated that live yeasts A and B had no influence on animal performance, ruminal gas production, rumen fermentation, or nutrient utilization in cows fed grass silage-based diets. Dietary supplements of camelina oil decreased ruminal CH4 and CO2 production, but also lowered the yields of milk and milk constituents due to an adverse effect on intake.
A study was conducted to evaluate the nutritional value of experimentally solvent extracted camelina meal (SECM) and camelina oil (CO) fed to Atlantic salmon parr. Fish (initial weight: 8.4g) were ...fed a control diet, or diets containing 5, 10, 15 or 20% SECM, or 50% and 100% CO substituted for fish oil in diets. Fish were reared in freshwater at 11.7±0.5°C for 16weeks. Weight gain from week 13 to week 16 decreased in fish fed 10% SECM, and the daily growth coefficient (DGC) was lower in both 10% (1.22) and 15% (1.22) SECM groups (p<0.05), but was similar between the fish fed 20% SECM (1.23) diet and the control (1.37; p≥0.05) diet. The final body weight was not affected by dietary treatments. Condition factor, feed conversion ratio, protein retention ratio and hepato-somatic index were similar among all groups (p≥0.05). Carcass protein, fat, ash and moisture were also unaffected. The length, width and area of simple villi in the distal intestine were unaffected by treatments (p≥0.05), however, increased size of lamina propria was observed in fish fed 15 and 20% SECM diets (p<0.05). Results suggest that fish performance was not affected by the inclusion of 5% SECM in the diet, and 50 to 100% replacement CO by fish oil.
Statement of relevance
This study investigated novel feed ingredients from Camelina sativa applied in aqua-feed for Atlantic salmon. Camelina oil is as good as fish oil, and it contains health-promoting factor for fish intestine. Solvent extracted camelina meal can be used at 5% in the diet. These findings can reduce reliance on fishmeal and fish oil in the future.
•Camelina oil can replace 100% fish oil in feed without depressing growth of Atlantic salmon parr.•We recommend 5% solvent extracted camelina meal in the feed of Atlantic salmon parr.•The diets containing 15% and 20% solvent extracted camelina meal caused a symptom similar to soybean-induced enteritis.
•Process simulation and techno-economic assessment of SAF production by HEFA route.•By-products valorization is addressed to obtain hydrogen and/or power.•Levelized cost of fuel (LCOF) estimated ...ranges between 0.57 and 0.64 €/kg.•ATR scenario is the most feasible option to valorize gases produced in the SAF process.•OPEX dominated by the cameline oil price and influenced by H2 and electricity prices.
In the recent years, the increasing demand of air transportation, the concern about the fossil resources depletion and the global warming caused by greenhouse-gas emissions have increased the interest for the viability of sustainable aviation fuel (SAF). The hydrotreatment of vegetable oils can be considered a technologically-feasible alternative to produce SAF compatible with the current aviation technology. This process also generates by-products suitable to be valorized through different pathways to obtain hydrogen and/or power, required in the process, which shall be assessed to find the most feasible solution. With this aim, this work proposes and evaluates different process configurations for kerosene-range hydrocarbon production based on camelina oil hydrotreatment and alternative scenarios for the valorization of the co-produced light-gases. These alternatives, comprising steam reforming, autothermal reforming and power generation, are assessed from a technoeconomic perspective. The results indicate operational costs dominated by the camelina oil price and strongly influenced by hydrogen and electricity prices. The levelized cost of fuel estimated ranges between 0.57 and 0.64 € per kilogram of fuel, depending on the studied scenario, which demonstrate the techno-economic feasibility of the proposed systems.
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