MNPs were synthesized with co-precipitation of ferrous and ferric ions. Carboxymethyl dextran (CMD) was covalently bound to MNPs and the influence of different concentrations on characteristics of ...CMD coated magnetic nanoparticles (CMD-MNPs) was studied. Different concentrations of CMD were applied into synthesis process. The surface morphology of CMD-MNPs was monitored by scanning and transmission electron microscopy, where their spherical shape was confirmed. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy displayed characteristic bonds that confirmed the presence of CMD hydroxyl and carboxyl groups. Thermogravimetric analysis displayed a weight loss, which confirmed the coating weight of CMD. ζ-potential measurements revealed negatively charged hydroxyl groups of CMD, and polydispersity index (PdI) showed the most consistent sizes of CMD3-MNPs. Electron paramagnetic resonance and magnetization measurements confirmed a ferromagnetic system for all CMD-MNPs. Prepared CMD3-MNPs were used as carriers for immobilization of enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH). Immobilization was carried out at two different temperatures (20 °C and 4 °C) and thermal stability at 20 °C and 40 °C after 24 h was studied. Prepared CMD-MNPs exhibit a layer of CMD coating that provides proper magnetic and structural properties and can therefore be functionalized and used in bioactive compound immobilization, such as ADH.
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•Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) were synthesized with co-precipitation•Different concentrations of carboxymethyl dextran (CMD) on MNPs were investigated•Carboxymethyl dextran magnetic nanoparticles (CMD-MNPs) were characterized•Magnetic measurements confirmed ferromagnetic system for CMD-MNPs•Synthesized CMD-MNPs were used for immobilization of Alcohol dehydrogenase
Glutathione (GSH), a tripeptide abundant in the cancer cells, inhibits the cytotoxic effect of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and is associated with anti-apoptosis, thus facilitating tumor growth. ...Here, we report GSH-depleting carboxymethyl dextran nanocomposites for chemo-sonodynamic therapy for cancer. The nanocomposite is composed of the TiO2-based core as the sonosensitizer, MnO2 coat as the GSH-consuming chemosensitizer, and carboxymethyl dextran as the hydrophilic shell. The in vitro cell experiments demonstrated that, when taken up by the cancer cells, the nanocomposites can deplete intracellular GSH by reducing MnO2 to Mn2+ which induces intracellular ROS production. Upon exposure to ultrasound, the nanocomposites effectively generated cytotoxic singlet oxygen at the intracellular level, remarkably enhancing the cytotoxicity to cancer cells. Notably, chemo-sonodynamic activity of the nanocomposites induced apoptosis as well as necrosis of cancer cells, implying their high potential as the anticancer therapeutics.
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•Carboxymethyl dextran-based hybrid nanocomposites (MTNCs) were developed for chemo-sonodynamic therapy of cancer.•MnO2 in MTNCs depleted upregulated glutathione and produced Mn2+ to generate hydroxyl radicals in cancer cells.•TiO2 in MTNCs generated single oxygen in the presence of ultrasound.•Chemo-sonodynamic activity of MTNCs induced apoptosis as well as necrosis of cancer cells.
Bioreducible nanoparticles, composed of hydrophilic carboxymethyl dextran and hydrophobic bile acid, are developed by J. H. Park and co‐workers on page 1829 for the site‐specific delivery of poorly ...water‐soluble anticancer drugs at the tumor microenvironment.
This study was aimed at improving the mucoadhesive properties of carboxymethyl dextran by the covalent attachment of cysteine. Mediated by a carbodiimide,
l-cysteine was covalently attached to the ...polymer. The resulting CMD–cysteine conjugate (CMD-
273 conjugate) displayed 273
±
20
μmol thiol groups per gram of polymer (mean
±
S.D.;
n
=
3). Within 2
h the viscosity of an aqueous mucus/CMD-
273 conjugate mixture pH 7.4 increased at 37
°C by more than 85% compared to a mucus/carboxymethyl dextran mixture indicating enlarged interactions between the mucus and the thiolated polymer. Due to the immobilization of cysteine, the swelling velocity of the polymer was significantly accelerated (
p
<
0.05). In aqueous solutions the CMD-
273 conjugate was capable of forming inter- and/or intramolecular disulfide bonds. Because of this crosslinking process within the polymeric network, the cohesive properties of the conjugate were also improved. Tablets comprising the unmodified polymer disintegrated within 15
min, whereas tablets of the CMD-
273 conjugate remained stable for 160
min (means
±
S.D.;
n
=
3). Results from LDH and MTT assays on Caco-2 cells revealed 4.96
±
0.98% cytotoxicity and 94.1
±
0.9% cell viability for the CMD-
273 conjugate, respectively. Controlled release of model compound from CMD-
273 conjugate tablets was observed over 6
h. These findings suggest that CMD-
273 conjugate is a promising novel polymer for drug delivery systems providing improved mucoadhesive and cohesive properties, greater stability and biocompatibility.
Schematic presentation of improved mucoadhesion by an in situ crosslinking.
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The use of more potent medicine for local chemotherapy of retinoblastoma in order to minimize local and systemic adverse effects is essential. The main goal of this investigation was to assess the ...biodistribution of thiolated and methylated chitosan-carboxymethyl dextran nanoparticles (CMD-TCs-NPs and CMD-TMC-NPs) following intravitreal (IVT) injection into rat eyes with retinoblastoma.
An ionic gelation method was used to fabricate Cy5-labelled CMD-TCs-NPs and CMD-TMC-NPs. The NPs were characterized. Cellular internalization of Cy5-labelled NPs was investigated using confocal microscopy and the absorption of labeled NPs was quantified by flow cytometry in human retinoblastoma (Y79) cells. In addition, the Cy5-labeled distribution of nanoparticles in the posterior segment of the eye was histologically imaged by confocal microscopy after IVT injection of NPs into the eyes of rats with retinoblastoma.
CMD-TCs-NPs and CMD-TMC-NPs showed a mean diameter of 34
3.78 nm and 42
4.23 nm and zeta potential of +11
2.27 mV and +29
4.31mV, respectively. The in vivo study of intraocular biodistribution of Cy5-labeled CMD-TCs-NPs and CMD-TMC-NPs revealed that there is more affinity of CMD-TCs-NPs to the retina and retinoblastoma tumor after IVT administration while methylated chitosan nanoparticles are immobilized in the vitreous and are not able to reach the retina even after 24 hr.
The ionic gelation technique was efficient in synthesizing a biocompatible polymeric nanosystem for drug delivery into the posterior segment of the eye. The current study demonstrated increased ocular bioavailability of CMD-TCs-NPs relative to CMD-TMC-NPs in retinoblastoma induced rat eyes.
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HPTC) currently ranks as the third leading cause of cancer-related mortality, necessitating an advanced formulation strategy. Recently, lactoferrin (Lf) has been utilized as ...a specific targeting ligand in HPTC due to its high specificity towards the asialoglycoprotein receptor expressed in cancer cells. Therefore, we present the fabrication of an Lf-decorated carboxymethyl dextran-encased chitosan-coated europium metal-organic framework-based nanobioconjugate (Lf-CMD-CS-CUR@Eu-MOF) for targeted curcumin (CUR) delivery. Briefly, CUR was loaded into Eu-MOF, followed by coating cationic ‘CS’ on the CUR@Eu-MOF surface. Simultaneously, Lf-decorated CMD was prepared via an esterification reaction. Subsequently, Lf-CMD-CS-CUR@Eu-MOF was synthesized using the Maillard reaction. Various spectral characterizations, drug entrapment, drug content, in vitro drug release, biocompatibility and cell cytotoxicity studies were performed. It exhibited an entrapment efficiency of 88.87 ± 2.1 %, a drug content of 3.45 ± 0.98 %, and a drug loading rate of 34.85 ± 0.6 mg/g. Furthermore, the Lf-CMD-CS-CUR@Eu-MOF exhibits excellent biocompatibility with normal cells. The in vitro dissolution study confirmed a release of 78.12 % of ‘CUR’ in pH 5.8 phosphate buffer (over 120 h), attributed to the controlled release rate by the ‘CS’ coating on the surface of CUR@Eu-MOF. The BEL-7402 cell line showed concentration-dependent toxicity of nanobioconjugate to cancerous cells. Therefore, when ‘Lf’ is surface-decorated onto an appropriate polymeric material, it gains the capability to function as a carrier for transporting ‘CUR’ to the precise target site within HPTC. In conclusion, Lf-CMD incorporated CS-coated Eu-MOF can provide a promising approach for targeted drug delivery in HPTC management.
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•Lactoferrin-decorated carboxymethyl dextran (Lf-CMD) shell for targeted drug delivery in hepatocellular carcinoma.•Chitosan-coated curcumin-loaded europium metal-organic framework (CS-CUR@Eu-MOF) offered the extended ‘CUR’ release.•The Lf-CMD-CS-CUR@Eu-MOF nanobioconjugate furnishes the controlled release in an acidic environment (pH 5.8)•Targeted delivery of ‘CUR’ through Lf functionalization showed improved anticancer activity against BEL-7402.•In the future, the Lf-CMD incorporated CS-CUR@Eu-MOF can be used for the successful management of HPTC.
Carboxymethyl-dextran (CMD)-coated iron oxide nanoparticles (IONs) are of great interest in nanomedicine, especially for applications in drug delivery. To develop a magnetically controlled drug ...delivery system, many factors must be considered, including the composition, surface properties, size and agglomeration, magnetization, cytocompatibility, and drug activity. This study reveals how the CMD coating thickness can influence these particle properties. ION@CMD are synthesized by co-precipitation. A higher quantity of CMD leads to a thicker coating and a reduced superparamagnetic core size with decreasing magnetization. Above 12.5−25.0 g L−1 of CMD, the particles are colloidally stable. All the particles show hydrodynamic diameters < 100 nm and a good cell viability in contact with smooth muscle cells, fulfilling two of the most critical characteristics of drug delivery systems. New insights into the significant impact of agglomeration on the magnetophoretic behavior are shown. Remarkable drug loadings (62%) with the antimicrobial peptide lasioglossin and an excellent efficiency (82.3%) were obtained by covalent coupling with the EDC/NHS (N-ethyl-N′-(3-(dimethylamino)propyl)carbodiimide/N-hydroxysuccinimide) method in comparison with the adsorption method (24% drug loading, 28% efficiency). The systems showed high antimicrobial activity with a minimal inhibitory concentration of 1.13 µM (adsorption) and 1.70 µM (covalent). This system successfully combines an antimicrobial peptide with a magnetically controllable drug carrier.
Microbial inhibition of carboxymethyl dextran (CMD) magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) was investigated on two different bacterial cultures, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, where inhibition ...properties of CMD-MNPs were confirmed, while uncoated MNPs exhibited no inhibition properties. To such CMD-MNPs, enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) from Saccharomyces cerevisiae was immobilized. Later on, CMD-MNPs were functionalized, using an epoxide cross-linker epichlorohydrin (EClH) for another option of ADH immobilization. Residual activities of immobilized ADH onto epoxy functionalized and non-functionalized CMD-MNPs were determined. Effect of cross-linker concentration, temperature of immobilization and enzyme concentration on residual activities of immobilized ADH were determined, as well. With optimal process conditions (4% (v/v) EClH, 4 °C and 0.02 mg/mL of ADH), residual activity of immobilized ADH was 90%. Such immobilized ADH was characterized using FT-IR, SEM and DLS analysis.
Tuning of the viscoelastic properties of supramolecular hydrogels to be used as biological material substrates in tissue engineering has become significantly relevant in recent years due to their ...ability to influence cell fate. In the quest to enhance the stability and mechanical properties of a derived C2-phenylalanine gelator (LPF), derivatives of the polysaccharide dextran were incorporated as additives to promote hydrogen bonding and π-π stacking with the gelator. Dextran was esterified to yield carboxymethyl dextran (CMDH), which was subsequently amidated to furnish amino dextran (AD), the resulting hybrid hydrogels were denoted as LPF-AD
and LPF-CMDH
, where
represents the amount of AD and CMDH (mg). The LPF gelator interacted with the carboxyl and amino functional groups of the CMDH and AD, respectively, through hydrogen bonding and π-π stacking, resulting in mechanically stable hydrogels. Morphological studies revealed that the hybrid hydrogels were formed as a result of dense highly branched thin and broad fibers for LPF-AD and LPF-CMDH, respectively. Rheological studies confirmed the superiority of the hybrid hydrogels over the neat hydrogel, where LPF-CMDH
exhibited the best mechanical properties with an improved elastic modulus of 11 654 Pa over 1518 and 140 Pa for LPF-AD
and LPF, respectively. The adhesion and spreading behavior of NIH 3T3 fibroblast cells were significantly improved on the LPF-CMDH
substrate owing to their enhanced mechanical properties. The tuning of the mechanical properties of the therein hydrogels via the facile incorporation of biodegradable and biocompatible functionalized additives opens up avenues for strengthening the supposed weak supramolecular gelators and hence increasing their potential of being employed largely in the field of tissue engineering.
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•A new ultra-violet light induced fluorescent Ag nanocluster was used in this system.•The method can detect Br− and I− simultaneously in complicated samples.•The method for halide ...ions detection with high sensitivity and selectivity.
A novel fluorescent Ag nanocluster (AgNCs) stabilized with carboxymethyl dextran (CMD) was prepared by the photochemical reduction of a CMD-Ag(NH3)2+ mixture under ultraviolet C (UVC) light irradiation. Interestingly, the as-prepared Ag NCs showed the maximum fluorescence near the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) wavelength of AgNCs; therefore, we defined this Ag NCs as LSPR-AgNCs. This was developed as a fluorescent probe for the simultaneous determination of iodide and bromide ions (I− and Br−) in different media. The sensing mechanism is based on the unique reactions between I−/Br− and silver atom on the surface of AgNCs, which results in their fluorescence quenching. Specifically, I− was detected selectively in the presence of Br− in a 4.5×10−4M ammonia solution. At the same time, the total concentration of Br− and I− was obtained by detecting the fluorescence change in Britton–Robinson buffer (pH 6.8). This medium-selective fluorescent probe provides the highly selectively detection of I− in the range from 1.0×10−10M to 1.0×10−7M. Moreover, this sensing system could be applied to the detection of I− in kelp samples.
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