In this study, the anthracite was preheated by a circulating fluidized bed under O2/N2, O2/CO2 and O2/CO2/H2O atmospheres. And the preheating and combustion characteristics of anthracite were ...studied. Compared with the O2/N2 atmosphere, the structural characteristics of preheated char was improved more obviously under the O2/CO2 and O2/CO2/H2O atmospheres when the oxygen concentration was 31%, which mainly reflected in the increase of BET surface and the increase of small aromatic rings. HCN was mainly NOx precursor during the preheating under different atmospheres. In addition, a novel comprehensive evaluation of ignition and stable combustion characteristics for preheated fuel was proposed. And the minimum thermal power required for preheated char combustion and the combustion heat of preheated coal gas were main factors affecting on the ignition and stable combustion characteristics. The highest combustion efficiency of anthracite was 98.85% under the O2/N2 atmosphere (the oxygen concentrations of primary gas, secondary gas and tertiary gas were 31.0%, 36.0% and 35.0%), and the lowest NO emission in tail flue gas was 24.24 mg/MJ under the air atmosphere.
•Preheating characteristics of anthracite are revealed under O2/N2, O2/CO2 and O2/CO2/H2O atmosphere.•Gasification intensity of anthracite is improved at high oxygen concentration under O2/N2 and O2/CO2 atmospheres.•A novel comprehensive evaluation method determines ignition and stable combustion characteristics of preheated fuel.•Highest combustion efficiency of anthracite is 98.85%, and lowest NO emission is 24.24 mg/MJ.
Research in recent years has demonstrated that the use of coercive measures such as seclusion and restraint differs very much between hospitals within a country. In 2015, a central register for all ...coercive measures in the German federal state of Baden-Wuerttemberg has been established for 32 hospitals treating involuntary patients. The objective of the present study was to identify factors that determine the differences between these hospitals.
Data on coercive measures and diagnoses from the central register in 2015-2017 were linked with structural data of the 32 hospitals and their supply areas.
On average, coercive measures were applied in 6.7% of cases (
= 2.8%; Min-Max = 0.35-12.0%). The proportion of affected cases was significantly correlated with the proportion of involuntary patients (
= 0.56), the proportion of cases with affective or neurotic, stress-related and somatoform disorders (
= -0.42), number of hospital beds (
= 0.44), a sheltered home associated with the hospital (
= 0.43) and number of addiction counseling centers per 100,000 inhabitants in the service area (
= -0.39). The final regression model only included the proportion of involuntary cases as a significant predictor (standardized beta = 0.55, adjusted
= 0.27).
The predominating part of the considerable variance observed between hospitals could not be explained by structural variables. The proportion of involuntary patients had a significant impact, but a considerable amount of unexplained variance due to different practices within psychiatric hospitals remains.
•A meta-analysis of team communication and performance is conducted.•Team communication is significantly related to team performance.•Communication quality and frequency have different relationships ...with performance.•Additional types of communication exhibit different relationships with performance.•Team familiarity and virtuality moderate the relationship.
Although it is consistently identified as a critical component of team performance, team communication is often conceptualized in a variety of manners. The present meta-analysis addresses this inconsistency by examining the moderating influence of communication characteristics, as well as other salient team and task characteristics, on the relationship between team communication and performance. The findings revealed several fundamental insights. First, communication quality had a significantly stronger relationship with team performance than communication frequency. Second, further distinguishing between different communication types, classifying communication into the eight most commonly measured communication forms (e.g., knowledge sharing, information elaboration), has further value; information elaboration has the strongest relationship with performance while self-report frequency and objective frequency have the weakest relationships. Third, familiar and face-to-face teams exhibited a stronger relationship between communication and performance. These results indicate the necessity of distinguishing between different communication types in both practical and theoretical applications of team science.
This integrative review aims to render a systematic account of the role that teachers’ psychological characteristics, such as their motivation and personality, play for critical outcomes in terms of ...teacher effectiveness, teachers’ well-being, retention, and positive interpersonal relations with multiple stakeholders (e.g., students, parents, principals, colleagues). We first summarize and evaluate the available evidence on relations between psychological characteristics and these outcomes derived in existing research syntheses (meta-analyses, systematic reviews). We then discuss implications of the findings regarding the eight identified psychological characteristics—self-efficacy, causal attributions, expectations, personality, enthusiasm, emotional intelligence, emotional labor, and mindfulness—for research and educational practice. In terms of practical recommendations, we focus on teacher selection and the design of future professional development activities as areas that particularly profit from a profound understanding of the relative importance of different psychological teacher characteristics in facilitating adaptive outcomes.
Construction materials are the most widely used materials for civil infrastructure in our daily lives. However, from an environmental point of view, they consume a huge amount of natural resources ...and generate the majority of greenhouse gasses. Therefore, many new and novel technologies for designing environmentally friendly construction materials have been developed recently. This Special Issue, “Environment-Friendly Construction Materials”, has been proposed and organized as a means to present recent developments in the field of construction materials. It covers a wide range of selected topics on construction materials.
Construction materials are the most widely used materials for civil infrastructure in our daily lives. However, from an environmental point of view, they consume a huge amount of natural resources ...and generate the majority of greenhouse gasses. Therefore, many new and novel technologies for designing environmentally friendly construction materials have been developed recently. This Special Issue, “Environment-Friendly Construction Materials”, has been proposed and organized as a means to present recent developments in the field of construction materials. It covers a wide range of selected topics on construction materials.
Construction materials are the most widely used materials for civil infrastructure in our daily lives. However, from an environmental point of view, they consume a huge amount of natural resources ...and generate the majority of greenhouse gasses. Therefore, many new and novel technologies for designing environmentally friendly construction materials have been developed recently. This Special Issue, “Environment-Friendly Construction Materials”, has been proposed and organized as a means to present recent developments in the field of construction materials. It covers a wide range of selected topics on construction materials.
In <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1">1, Sec. II , the natural logarithm sign "ln" is missing from <xref rid="deqn5" ref-type="disp-formula">(5) . The correct form of the equation is the following:
The effect of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) polymer interlayer on the rectifying junction parameters of Au/n-InP Schottky diode has been investigated using current–voltage (I–V) and ...capacitance–voltage (C–V) measurements at room temperature. The calculated barrier heights (BHs) are 0.57eV (I–V), 0.72eV (C–V) and 0.73eV (I–V), 0.88eV (C–V) for the Au/n-InP and Au/PVDF/n-InP Schottky diodes, respectively. Results showed that the BH of the Au/PVDF/n-InP Schottky diode is higher than that of the Au/n-InP Schottky diode, and that the PVDF film increases the effective BH by influencing the space charge region of the n-type InP. The values of the barrier height, ideality factors and series resistance estimated by I–V, Cheung's and Norde methods are compared. Experimental results showed that the interface state density of the Au/PVDF/n-InP Schottky diode is lower than that of the Au/n-InP Schottky diode. Further, the reverse leakage current conduction mechanism is investigated. Schottky emission mechanism is found to dominate the reverse leakage current in the Au/n-InP Schottky diode. However, for the Au/PVDF/n-InP Schottky diode, the Schottky conduction mechanism is found to be dominant in the higher bias region, whereas the Poole–Frenkel conduction is found to be dominant in the lower bias region. Apart from that, the discrepancy between BHs determined from I–V and C–V techniques is explained. Besides, the capacitance–frequency (C–f) and conductance–frequency (G–f) characteristics of the Au/PVDF/n-InP Schottky diode are discussed.
•Electrical properties of Au/polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)/n-InP diode are studied.•PVDF interlayer led to increase in the barrier height of Au/n-InP Schottky diodes.•Interface state density of Au/PVDF/n-InP diode is lower compared to Au/n-InP diode.•Current conduction mechanism of Au/n-InP and Au/PVDF/n-InP diodes is investigated.•Frequential capacitance and conductance characteristics of Au/PVDF/n-InP diode
This article provides an extensive overview of the recent literature on student evaluation of teaching (SET) in higher education. The review is based on the SET meta-validation model, drawing upon ...research reports published in peer-reviewed journals since 2000. Through the lens of validity, we consider both the more traditional research themes in the field of SET (i.e., the dimensionality debate, the 'bias' question, and questionnaire design) and some recent trends in SET research, such as online SET and bias investigations into additional teacher personal characteristics. The review provides a clear idea of the state of the art with regard to research on SET, thus allowing researchers to formulate suggestions for future research. It is argued that SET remains a current yet delicate topic in higher education, as well as in education research. Many stakeholders are not convinced of the usefulness and validity of SET for both formative and summative purposes. Research on SET has thus far failed to provide clear answers to several critical questions concerning the validity of SET.
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