A (deterministic) social choice correspondence F, mapping states into outcomes, is rationalizably implementable provided that there exists a mechanism such that the support of its set of ...rationalizable outcomes coincides with the set of outcomes recommended by F. We provide a necessary condition for rationalizable implementation, called r-monotonicity. This condition, when combined with some other auxiliary conditions, is also sufficient when there are at least three agents.
The Student Career Construction Inventory Savickas, Mark L.; Porfeli, Erik J.; Hilton, Tracy Lara ...
Journal of vocational behavior,
06/2018, Letnik:
106
Journal Article
Recenzirano
To address counselors' need for a reliable measure of career adapting thoughts and behaviors as well as researchers' need for a specific measure of adapting as a dimension in the model of career ...adaptation, we developed the Student Career Construction Inventory (SCCI). In the study, 486 high school students (55% female), 290 college students (59% female), and 220 graduate students (82% female) responded to the SCCI. The SCCI contains 18 items across four scales assessing: (a) Crystallizing a vocational self-concept, (b) Exploring to gather information about occupations, (c) Deciding to commit to an occupational choice, and (d) Preparing to implement that choice. The four scales interrelate to constitute a continuum reflecting the general factor of adapting responses during the exploration stage of a career. Each scale assesses a specific group factor reflecting a particular career construction task involving crystallizing, exploring, deciding, and preparing. The results of a confirmatory factor analysis indicated that the SCCI displays configural and measurement invariance, meaning that its factor structure is replicable and generalizable across high school, college, and graduate students. The SCCI did not show scalar invariance because, as expected, the mean scores for the scales were elevated for older and more educated participants. The SCCI, as a measure of adapting responses, correlated as predicted with concurrent measures of three criteria: adaptive readiness, adaptability resources, and adaptation results. A provisional test of the career construction adaptation model indicated that, as hypothesized, adapting behaviors mediate the relationship between adaptability resources and adaptation outcomes.
•Explains the career construction model of career adaptation•Discusses the distinction between career adaptability resources and adapting responses•Describes the reliability and initial validation of the Student Career Construction Inventory•Presents a path analysis of the career construction adaptation model.•Suggests further research on the Student Career Construction Inventory
Few studies have addressed the neural computations underlying decisions made for others despite the importance of this ubiquitous behavior. Using participant-specific behavioral modeling with ...univariate and multivariate fMRI approaches, we investigated the neural correlates of decision-making for self and other in two independent tasks, including intertemporal and risky choice. Modeling subjective valuation indicated that participants distinguished between themselves and others with dissimilar preferences. Activity in the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC) and ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) was consistently modulated by relative subjective value. Multi-voxel pattern analysis indicated that activity in the dmPFC uniquely encoded relative subjective value and generalized across self and other and across both tasks. Furthermore, agent cross-decoding accuracy between self and other in the dmPFC was related to self-reported social attitudes. These findings indicate that the dmPFC emerges as a medial prefrontal node that utilizes a task-invariant mechanism for computing relative subjective value for self and other.
While considerable concern has emerged about the links between religion and economic growth, little is actually known about how religion and social class impact the decision making of individuals. ...Using institutional theory and social dominance theory, this paper examines the influence of religion and social class on individuals' occupational choices. Based on a large-scale database from India, this paper finds that while some religions are relatively conducive to self-employment, some others have a negative impact on self-employment choices. Furthermore, individuals belonging to social classes that are lower in the social hierarchy are less likely to be self-employed. The role of both religion and social class in influencing the likelihood of choosing self-employment suggests an important link between religion, social class, and occupational decision-making.
•We examine the role of religion and social class on occupational choice.•We find that religions like Islam and Jainism are more favorable for self-employment.•We find that Hindus are less likely to be self-employed compared to others.•Individuals belonging to social classes lower in the social hierarchy are least likely to be self-employed.
Recent evidence suggests that investors are inattentive to their portfolios and hire expensive portfolio managers. This paper develops a life-cycle portfolio-choice model in which the investor ...experiences loss-averse utility over news and can ignore his portfolio. In such a model, the investor prefers to ignore and not rebalance his portfolio most of the time because he dislikes bad news more than he likes good news such that expected news causes a first-order decrease in utility. Consequently, the investor has a first-order willingness to pay a portfolio manager who rebalances actively on his behalf. Moreover, the investor can diversify over time and his consumption aligns with predictions of mental accounting. I structurally estimate the preference parameters by matching stock shares and stock-market non-participation over the life cycle. My parameter estimates are in line with the literature, generate reasonable intervals of inattention, and simultaneously explain consumption and wealth accumulation over the life cycle. Here, it matters that news utility preserves first-order risk aversion even in the presence of stochastic labor income, which also causes stock shares to rise in wealth.
Abstract Traditional antiviral therapies often have limited effectiveness due to toxicity and the emergence of drug resistance. Host-based antivirals are an alternative, but can cause nonspecific ...effects. Recent evidence shows that virus-infected cells can be selectively eliminated by targeting synthetic lethal (SL) partners of proteins disrupted by viral infection. Thus, we hypothesized that genes depleted in CRISPR knockout (KO) screens of virus-infected cells may be enriched in SL partners of proteins altered by infection. To investigate this, we established a computational pipeline predicting antiviral SL drug targets. First, we identified SARS-CoV-2-induced changes in gene products via a large compendium of omics data. Second, we identified SL partners for each altered gene product. Last, we screened CRISPR KO data for SL partners required for cell viability in infected cells. Despite differences in virus-induced alterations detected by various omics data, they share many predicted SL targets, with significant enrichment in CRISPR KO-depleted datasets. Our comparison of SARS-CoV-2 and influenza infection data revealed potential broad-spectrum, host-based antiviral SL targets. This suggests that CRISPR KO data are replete with common antiviral targets due to their SL relationship with virus-altered states and that such targets can be revealed from analysis of omics datasets and SL predictions.
The recent Great Recession highlighted that long-term unemployment spells may entail persistent losses in workers’ human capital. This paper extends the life-cycle model of savings and portfolio ...choice with unemployment risk, by allowing the possibility of permanent reductions in expected earnings following long-term unemployment. The optimal risky portfolio share becomes flat in age due to the resolution of uncertainty about future returns to human capital that occurs as the worker ages. This may help explaining the observed relatively flat, or only moderately increasing, risky share of investors during working life, and have important consequences for the design of optimal life-cycle portfolios by investment funds.
•In 3 choice experiments we evaluate actions to promote healthy and sustainable foods.•Overall price changes had more effect than health and/or environment logos and labels.•Most shifts occurred with ...close product alternatives (white and brown rice).•There was less change with less similar product alternatives (e.g. beef to kangaroo).•Consumer responsiveness was mainly influenced by product familiarity and liking.
There are numerous government and industry actions that could advance consumer choices for healthier and environmentally sustainable food products. This study investigates the effect of point-of-purchase actions; price changes, health and/or environment logos, health and/or environment product information labels. Three hypothetical choice experiments investigated choices between specific products and their healthy and sustainable alternatives: rice (white versus brown rice, n=280), meat (beef versus kangaroo steak, n=344) and tomatoes (tinned versus fresh tomatoes for a tomato sauce, n=320). Data was collected via an online survey from a representative nationwide sample of Australian household grocery buyers (N=944).
Results show that the effects of the investigated actions are very product and consumer segment dependent. In general, price changes, particularly a decreased price (subsidy) for the healthy and sustainable alternatives, had a bigger effect on shifting choices than did a logo and/or label. Product similarity seems to play an important role as we observed the greatest shift in choices in the rice experiment with more respondents opting for brown rice instead of white rice. The responsiveness of consumers to the investigated measures was largely influenced by whether they were familiar with, and liked, the healthy and sustainable product alternative.
In conclusion this study indicates that point-of-purchase actions may partially contribute to advance uptake of healthy and sustainable food alternatives. The effects of such measures are expected to be greater when these alternatives are more similar to the standard products for their sensory properties, convenience, product liking and familiarity.
Previous studies on sex differences in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) had limited scope and yielded conflicting results. We aimed to provide a comprehensive overall view on sex differences in ...care utilization, and outcome of OHCA.
We performed a population-based cohort-study, analysing all emergency medical service (EMS) treated resuscitation attempts in one province of the Netherlands (2006-2012). We calculated odds ratios (ORs) for the association of sex and chance of a resuscitation attempt by EMS, shockable initial rhythm (SIR), and in-hospital treatment using logistic regression analysis. Additionally, we provided an overview of sex differences in overall survival and survival at successive stages of care, in the entire study population and in patients with SIR. We identified 5717 EMS-treated OHCAs (28.0% female). Women with OHCA were less likely than men to receive a resuscitation attempt by a bystander (67.9% vs. 72.7%; P < 0.001), even when OHCA was witnessed (69.2% vs. 73.9%; P < 0.001). Women who were resuscitated had lower odds than men for overall survival to hospital discharge OR 0.57; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.48-0.67; 12.5% vs. 20.1%; P < 0.001, survival from OHCA to hospital admission (OR 0.88; 95% CI 0.78-0.99; 33.6% vs. 36.6%; P = 0.033), and survival from hospital admission to discharge (OR 0.49, 95% CI 0.40-0.60; 33.1% vs. 51.7%). This was explained by a lower rate of SIR in women (33.7% vs. 52.7%; P < 0.001). After adjustment for resuscitation parameters, female sex remained independently associated with lower SIR rate.
In case of OHCA, women are less often resuscitated by bystanders than men. When resuscitation is attempted, women have lower survival rates at each successive stage of care. These sex gaps are likely explained by lower rate of SIR in women, which can only partly be explained by resuscitation characteristics.
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