Current working classifications of Chagas disease vectors rely on a loose mix-up of biological and operational matters. They are therefore confusing and ineffective. I propose a very simple ...classification that makes biological sense and can be operationally useful. It considers a four-level hierarchy of species (which can be native or non-native); populations (either wild or non-wild); infestation foci (natural, domestic or peridomestic); and individual bugs (which can be solitary house-invaders or part of a hidden infestation focus). This classification translates into a clear, algorithmic scheme for triatomine control-surveillance that may be useful at every operationally relevant scale, from multi-country initiatives to on-site control-surveillance action.
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•Tytonidae originated in the Oligocene (ca. 28 mya) of Australasia.•Tytonidae underwent six trans-continental radiations in the Pleistocene.•Split of Tyto alba into three species (T. ...alba, T. furcata, T. javanica) is supported.•T. rosenbergii and T. nigrobrunnea are subspecies of T. javanica; T. sororcula and T. manusi are subspecies of T. novaehollandiae.•Grass owls and sooty owls are a single species each (T. capensis and T. tenebricosa).
The owl family Tytonidae comprises two genera: Phodilus, limited to the forests of central Africa and South-East Asia, and the ubiquitous Tyto. The genus Tyto is majorly represented by the cosmopolitan Common Barn Owl group, with more than 30 subspecies worldwide. Discrete differences in body size and plumage colouration have led to the classification of this family into many species and subspecies, but the taxonomic status and phylogenetic relationships between taxa remain unclear, and in some groups controversial. Although several previous studies attempted to resolve this problem, they have been limited in their taxonomic and geographical coverage, or have relied on restricted molecular evidence and low sample sizes. Based on the most comprehensive sampling to date (16 out of 17 Tyto species, and one out of three Phodilus species), a multi-locus approach using seven mitochondrial and two nuclear markers, and taking advantage of field data and museum collections available worldwide, our main questions in this study were: (1) what are the phylogenetic relationships and classification status of the whole family; (2) when and where did the most important speciation events occur? We confirm that the Common Barn Owl, Tyto alba is divided into three main evolutionary units: the American Barn Owl, T. furcata; the Western Barn Owl, T. alba; and the Eastern Barn Owl, T. javanica, and suggest a Late Miocene (ca. 6 mya) Australasian and African origin of the group. Our results are supported by fossil age information, given that the most recent common ancestor between the Tytonidae genera Phodilus and Tyto was probably from the Oligocene (ca. 28 mya) of Australasia. We finally reveal six major Pleistocene radiations of Tyto, all resulting in wide-range distributions.
Combined solar photovoltaic-thermal systems (PVT) facilitate conversion of solar radiations into electricity and heat simultaneously. A significant amount of work has been carried out on these ...systems since 1970. Different PVT systems have been invented in the last thirty years. Several theoretical, mathematical, numerical and experimental models are introduced by many investigators across the world. The present article gives a broad classification and review of published research work on these systems. The article mostly covers the experimental work carried out on the different types of PVT systems in the last decade. The latest technology of liquid spectrum filters for PVT systems are also explored in depth.
•Virtual synchronous generator (VSG) and distributed generation is discussed.•Deeply discuss the current progress in distributed power generation and role of VSG.•Overview of the recent development ...in VSG control operation.•Difficulties and future research directions for VSG are discussed in detail.
The renewable energy resources based distributed generation (DG) unit’s integration into the power system is growing rapidly, and the power system experiencing low inertia and damping, which causes severe stability and performance issues of the power system. In order to facilitate the integration of DG into the existing power system, improved control schemes for grid-tied electronic converters are necessary to ensure the stability and support to the power system. The virtual-synchronous generator (VSG) control emulates the dynamics of the rotation synchronous generator and enhances the stability of the power system. In this paper, an overview of different topologies to virtual inertia is presented along with a detailed description of the VSG structure. Moreover, VSG control defining active and reactive power control, and voltage and frequency control is explained in detail. The VSG stability analysis methods, such as small signal stability and transient stability are presented in comprehensive manners. Later on, the VSG application fields are described. Finally, the VSG problems and future research directions such as centralised control, stability improvement, reliable modelling, the interface for VSG are discussed.
Les classifications moléculaires des cancers colorectaux (CCR) ont été significativement modifiées depuis 20 ans. Initialement répartis en trois groupes moléculaires, les CCR font maintenant l’objet ...d’une classification consensus (ou CMS pour consensus molecular subtype). Seules certaines altérations moléculaires issues de ces classifications sont régulièrement recherchées et utilisées en pratique clinique, principalement en situation métastatique. Les classifications concernant la réponse immune sont plus récentes et essentiellement morphologiques. Leur impact clinique est fort, mais elles n’ont pas encore pénétré le domaine de la pratique quotidienne. Cet article a pour but de proposer une synthèse des classifications moléculaires et immunes pertinentes et d’en souligner les applications cliniques réelles ou potentielles.
Occupational licensing is the policy in which a government body imposes minimum requirements to work within a specific job classification. These requirements include some combination of education ...credits, hours of experience mandatory fees and examinations. The costs to firms of paying to license employees or hire licensed employees can be a substantial consideration when they are making location and hiring decisions because the licensure requirements are often determined at the state level. Using firm‐level data, I analyse how these occupational licensing expenses affect firms by determining how differences in those expenses across state borders in the United States affect the likelihood that a firm will locate in an expensive state if a substantially cheaper state is a short distance away. As the monetary cost of fees and the time investment of experience and education for each worker increases, firms are less likely to locate in high‐cost states. I also use a geographic regression discontinuity design and find that the more expensive side of a state border has 2.3 fewer employees on average.
The three-way classifications aim to divide the universe of objects into three disjoint regions, i.e., acceptance, rejection, and non-commitment regions. We can induce different types of ...classification rules from these regions. There exist different measures to evaluate the quality of regions. The partition of the three regions based on certain measures such as Gini coefficient is one of the challenges in three-way classifications. When using Gini coefficients to evaluate the impurities of three-way regions, there may exist contradiction on changing of various regions towards the preferred measure levels. The impurity of one region decreases at the expense of the increase of other regions' impurities when regions change. It is impossible to decrease one region's impurity without increasing the other regions' impurities. In this paper, we formulate Gini objective functions to balance the contradictions among the impurities of three-way regions. Three Gini objective functions, i.e., minimizing the overall impurity of three regions, minimizing impurities of immediate and non-commitment decision regions simultaneously, and minimizing impurities of acceptance, rejection and non-commitment regions simultaneously, are discussed in detail. These Gini objective functions express different preferred situations of three-way regions. The balanced three-way regions representing the trade-off among impurities can be obtained by finding the solutions to these Gini objective functions. An example shows how and what three-way regions are obtained by tuning impurities of these regions to satisfy certain Gini objective functions. It is suggested that with the proposed Gini objective functions more efficient and applicable three-way regions may be induced.
•Constructs three-way regions with probabilistic rough sets and Gini coefficients.•Measures the impurities of three-way regions with Gini coefficients.•Analyzes the relationship among region impurity and performance changes.•Formulates Gini objective functions to balance the impurities of three-way regions.•Demonstrates the use Gini objective functions compares them with entropy approaches.
Sulfides with different distribution states may have different effects on steel properties. How to separately count each kind of sulfide remains a question. In the current study, sulfides in 1215 ...free‐cutting and 416 free‐cutting stainless steel are counted by Image‐Pro Plus image‐processing software. The sulfides can be divided into three categories, that is, cluster‐like sulfides, chain‐like sulfides, and individual sulfides. The features of each kind of sulfide are summarized and an automatic sulfide classification method is proposed. By using this method, sulfides in a metallographic photograph of 1215 steel are successfully classified into three types and counted separately. The quantity percentage of chain‐like, cluster‐like, and individual sulfides is 24.65%, 56.79%, and 18.56%, respectively, while the area percentage of different types of sulfides is 34.33%, 52.80%, and 12.87%. Individual sulfides have the highest‐quantity percentage of sulfides with a diameter smaller than 3 μm and with an area smaller than 10 μm2. Through this method, different types of sulfides can be deeply analyzed. It offers reliable data to evaluate whether the sulfides are well controlled or not, providing a guideline for the improvement of sulfide control methods.
In high‐sulfur steel, sulfides with several different morphologies and distributions may exist in the steel at the same time, which will have different effects on steel machinability and mechanical properties. An automatic sulfide classification method is established for separate analysis of different kinds of sulfides, providing an effective way to evaluate the sulfides controlled by different methods.
This paper proposes a novel correlation metrics‐based convolutional neural network (CNN) classification model for chemical process fault diagnoses, creating a heuristic representation concerning ...process variable locations in grey correlation space (GCS) in terms of the copula entropy to guide the learning of classifiers. The proposed method based on correlation metrics can help solve the problem of insufficient information caused by a lack of labelled data. Specifically, variable correlations are fused into a heuristic matrix to provide prior knowledge for network learning in compensating data information before the CNN is employed to build the classifier for mining features in GCS. Driven by this mechanism, fault classifications in the case of small numbers of fault samples are successfully implemented. With successful simulation experiments carried out on the Tennessee Eastman (TE) process platform, we found that in GCS, different fault samples can represent hugely different features, while data resulting from the same fault rarely contribute to different ones. This observation lays a solid foundation for constructing superior fault classifiers. In addition, compared with conventional approaches, the proposed method has demonstrated better fault classification performances in the case of limited labelled fault samples.
The International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) is a classification of health and health-related states developed by the World Health Organization (WHO) to provide a ...standard and unified language to be used as a reference model for the description of health and health-related states. The concept of functioning on which ICF is based is that of a "dynamic interaction between a person's health condition, environmental factors and personal factors". This overall model has been translated into a classification covering all the main components of functioning. However, the practical use of ICF has highlighted some formal problems, mainly concerning conceptual clarity and ontological coherence.
In the present work, we propose an initial ontological formalization of ICF beyond its current status, focusing specifically on the interaction between activities and participation and environmental factors. The formalization has been based on ontology engineering methods to drive goal and scope definition, knowledge acquisition, selection of an upper ontology for mapping, conceptual model definition and evaluation, and finally representation using the Ontology Web Language (OWL).
A conceptual model has been defined in a graphical language that included 202 entities, when possible mapped to the SUMO upper ontology. The conceptual model has been validated against 60 case studies from the literature, plus 6 ad-hoc case studies. The model has been then represented using OWL.
This formalization might provide the basis for a revision of the ICF classification in line with current efforts made by WHO on the International Classification of Diseases and on the International Classification of Health Interventions.
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