Cohabitation has surpassed marriage as the most common union experience in young adulthood. We capitalize on a new opportunity to examine both marital and cohabitation expectations among young single ...women in recently collected, nationally representative data (National Survey of Family Growth 2011-2015) (N = 1467). In the US there appears to be a 'stalled' second demographic transition as single young adult (ages 18-24) women have stronger expectations to marry than cohabit and the vast majority expects to, or has, already married. Among young women expecting to marry, the majority (68%) expect to cohabit with their future spouse but about one-third expect to follow a traditional relationship pathway into marriage (to marry without cohabiting first). In addition, women from disadvantaged backgrounds report the lowest expectations to marry, but there is no education gradient in expectations to cohabit. Marriage expectations follow a "diverging destinies" pattern, which stresses a growing educational divide, but this is not the case for cohabitation expectations. Our results, based on recently collected data, provide insight into the contemporary context of union formation decision-making for the millennial generation.
In the face of growing diversity in marital and cohabiting relationships, the impact of romantic partnerships on criminal desistance may likewise have grown complex. This study investigates how ...premarital cohabitation and serial cohabitation might influence criminal behavior. We also examine the role of gender in the desistance process. Using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health, we find that married men who cohabited with the spouse before marriage tended to commit more crimes than those who did not, whereas among married women premarital cohabitation was not associated with an increase in crime. In contrast, serial cohabitation's effect did not vary by gender-male and female serial cohabitors both committed more crimes than one-time cohabitors. We conduct analyses to address selection and the findings are robust. Our work suggests that exploring heterogeneity within changing patterns of marriage and cohabitation is critical to understanding desistance from crime.
Este estudio exploratorio examinó los efectos de razones para cohabitar, residencia antes de cohabitar, y duración de la relación en la autorregulación relacional, compromiso, e intimidad en uniones ...consensuales en Bogotá, Colombia. Una muestra autoseleccionada de 60 individuos (26 hombres y 34 mujeres) respondieron A cuestionarios de autorreporte en línea. Los resultados del MANOVA indicaron efectos de tres interacciones significativas (Sexo*Razones; Sexo*Residencia; Residencia*Razones) sobre la autorregulación. La duración de la relación tuvo un efecto significativo en el compromiso de tipo restricciones. Se presentan las implicaciones de estos resultados tanto para la investigación sobre cohabitación, como para las intervenciones clínicas para parejas que cohabitan. This exploratory study examined the effects of reasons to cohabitate, residence prior to cohabitation, and relationship length on relational self-regulation, commitment, and intimacy in cohabitating unions in Bogotá, Colombia. A self-selected sample of 60 individuals (26 men and 34 women) answered online self-report questionnaires. MANOVA results showed effects of three significant interactions (Sex*Reasons; Sex*Residence; Residence*Reasons) on self-regulation. Relationship length had a significant effect on commitment, of the restrictions type. The article discusses the implications of these results for both research on cohabitation and clinical interventions for cohabiting couples. Este estudo exploratório examinou os efeitos de razões para coabitar, residência antes de coabitar e duração da relação na autorregulação relacional, compromisso e intimidade em uniões estáveis em Bogotá, Colômbia. Uma amostra autosselecionada de 60 indivíduos (26 homens e 34 mulheres) responderam a questionários de autorrelato on-line. Os resultados do MANOVA indicaram efeitos de três interações significativas (Sexo*Razões; Sexo*Residência; Residência*Razões) sobre a autorregulação. A duração da relação teve um efeito significativo no compromisso de tipo restrições. São apresentadas as implicações desses resultados tanto para a pesquisa sobre coabitação quanto para as intervenções clínicas para casais que coabitam.
Background
Individuals who experience emotional, physical, or sexual abuse as children suffer from higher rates of major depressive disorder, drug abuse, and suicide. Early life interventions such as ...peer support groups can be beneficial to adolescents who experience trauma, suggesting that social support is important in facilitating rehabilitation and promoting resiliency to stress. Although there are some animal paradigms that can model how peer-peer interactions influence stress-reactivity, less is known about how individual stress experiences influence the effectiveness of social buffering.
Methods
The vicarious social defeat stress (VSDS) paradigm allows for the assessment of two different stress modalities, physical (PS) and emotional (ES) stress, which confer different levels of stress with similar biological and behavioral outcomes. Using a modified VSDS paradigm in which pairs of mice experience ES and PS together we can begin to evaluate how stress exposure influences the buffering efficacy of social relationships. Adolescent mice (postnatal day 35) were randomly combined into dyads and were allocated into either mutual experience or cohabitation pairs. Within each dyad, one mouse was assigned to the physically stressed (PS) condition and was repeatedly exposed to an aggressive CD1 mouse while the other mouse was designated as the partner. In the mutual experience dyads the partner mice witnessed the defeat bout (ES) while in the cohabitation dyads the partner was separated from the PS mouse and returned after the 10 min defeat bout was terminated (non-stressed). After 10 days of defeat, mice were tested in the social interaction test (SIT), the elevated plus maze (EPM), and the forced swim test (FST).
Results
PS-exposed mice in the cohabitation dyads, but not those in the mutual experience dyads, showed significantly more avoidance of a novel CD1 aggressor or c57BL/6 mouse, in the SIT. Surprisingly, both partner conditions showed avoidance to a CD1. Interestingly, non-stressed partner mice spent less time in the open arms of the EPM, suggesting increased anxiety; only PS-exposed mice in cohabitation dyads showed more time spent immobile in the FST, indicative of increased learned helplessness.
Conclusions
These data suggest that the efficacy of social buffering can be mediated by individual stress experience.
This article examines the association between cohabiting partners’ educational homogamy and transition to marriage. This paper enriches previous studies with its comparative dimension to find out if ...and how the association differs in countries with different meanings of cohabitation – in Austria, Poland, and the Czech Republic. It also examines if and how the association between the transition to marriage and educational homogamy is changing over time. Using data from the first wave of the Generations and Gender Survey (GGS), the analysis shows that the transition to marriage depends on partners’ relative education only in countries where cohabitation and marriage are two very different institutions – Poland and the Czech Republic. Educational hypergamy and hypogamy are not associated with the transition in the same way. In cohabitations where the man is more educated, the probability of marriage is half that compared to homogamous cohabitations, whereas cohabitations with a more educated woman are not significantly different from homogamous cohabitations. Over time, the association between relative education and the transition to marriage has not changed.
Early Chinese and Italian reports associated increasing age, male sex, smoking, and cardiometabolic comorbidity with adverse outcomes.1 Striking differences between Chinese and Italian mortality ...indicate ethnicity might affect disease outcome, but there is little to no data to support or refute this. Individuals from different ethnic backgrounds vary in behaviours, comorbidities, immune profiles, and risk of infection, as exemplified by the increased morbidity and mortality in black and minority ethnic (BME) communities in previous pandemics.3 As COVID-19 spreads to areas with large cosmopolitan populations, understanding how ethnicity affects COVID-19 outcomes is essential. Specific ethnic groups, such as south Asians, have higher rates of some comorbidities, such as diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular diseases, which have been associated with severe disease and mortality in COVID-19.7 Ethnicity could interplay with virus spread through cultural, behavioural, and societal differences including lower socioeconomic status, health-seeking behaviour, and intergenerational cohabitation.
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