Anthracnose (ANT) and angular leaf spot (ALS) are significant diseases in common bean, leading to considerable yield losses under specific environmental conditions. The California Dark Red Kidney ...(CDRK) bean cultivar is known for its resistance to multiple races of both pathogens. Previous studies have identified the CoPv01CDRK/PhgPv01CDRK resistance loci on chromosome Pv01. Here, we evaluated the expression levels of ten candidate genes near the CoPv01CDRK/PhgPv01CDRK loci and plant defense genes using quantitative real-time PCR in CDRK cultivar inoculated with races 73 of Colletotrichum lindemuthianum and 63-39 of Pseudocercospora griseola. Gene expression analysis revealed that the Phvul.001G246300 gene exhibited the most elevated levels, showing remarkable 7.8-fold and 8.5-fold increases for ANT and ALS, respectively. The Phvul.001G246300 gene encodes an abscisic acid (ABA) receptor with pyrabactin resistance, PYR1-like (PYL) protein, which plays a central role in the crosstalk between ABA and jasmonic acid responses. Interestingly, our results also showed that the other defense genes were initially activated. These findings provide critical insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying plant defense against these diseases and could contribute to the development of more effective disease management strategies in the future.
Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is one of the significant grains used in the human diet, accounting for half of all grain legumes consumed globally. To enhance production, conventional breeding ...and molecular approaches have been used so far. An efficient and rapid genomic DNA extraction method is required for these molecular approaches. The aim of this study was to compare and optimize an efficient and rapid DNA extraction protocol for common bean. Modified cetyl trimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and potassium chloride (KCL) extraction methods were used. The mean DNA yield per nanoliter was 209 µg from modified CTAB and 150.3 µg from the KCL method. The concentration of gDNA was significantly (P< 0.05) higher for the KCL method, which was 5.01 µg/µl and 2.09 µg/µl for the CTAB method. The obtained DNA was also pure, with an absorbance ratio at 260 nm to an absorbance of 280 nm (A260/280) of 1.75-2.23 for the KCL method and 1.86-2.09 for the modified CTAB method. Gel electrophoresis separation was used to evaluate the quality of the total DNA extracted by the present protocols. The results showed that intense bands close to the gel wells were obtained from both extraction methods. DNA isolated with the two methods was successfully used for PCR-based downstream analysis, which includes random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. In this study, it took approximately 150 minutes for KCL and 240 minutes for the CTAB for whole process. In contrast to the CTAB method, the KCL method uses inexpensive and less hazardous reagents and requires only ordinary laboratory equipment. Therefore, it is more convenient and economical than the traditional technique.
The present study was undertaken to examine the antidiabetic potential of naturally occurring peptides and hydrolysate fractions from easy-to-cook (ETC) and hard-to-cook (HTC) beans. All fractions ...were tested regarding their in vitro inhibitory activities against α-amylase and α-glucosidase as well as in vivo anti-hyperglycemic and hypoglycemic effects. Results evidenced that the peptide fractions with the lowest molecular weight (<3 kDa) have the highest inhibitory activities, and a 16.9%–89.1% inhibition of α-amylase and 34.4%–89.2% inhibition of α-glucosidase were observed. Regarding the antihyperglycemic activity, the fraction ETCNO3–10 showed a better performance than the positive control (acarbose). In addition, results from hypoglycemic activity evidenced that the tested peptide fractions were able to decrease the glucose levels at the same extension of glibenclamide, maintaining a constant basal glucose level without a postprandial hyperglycemia peak. Finally, it is possible to suggest that the naturally occurring peptides and hydrolysate fractions obtained from ETC and HTC common beans could be used in functional food production or pharmaceutical formulations to prevent diabetes.
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•Peptides from ETC and HTC beans inhibited the α-glucosidase activity.•Naturally occurring peptides presented antihyperglycemic and hypoglycemic activities.•Hydrolysate fractions were efficient in decrease the blood glucose levels.
L-Asparaginase (EC 3.5.1.1) activity has been previously reported to fluctuate with the photoperiod in young pea leaves, with higher activity in the light. The present research sought to investigate ...this phenomenon in developing leaves of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). There are two genes coding for K+-dependent asparaginase in this species. Expression of PvASPG1 predominates over PvASPG2 in all tissues. The catalytic efficiency of recombinant PvASPG2 was approximately 2-fold lower than that of PvASPG1. Polyclonal antibodies were raised against a specific peptide present in PvASPG1 to use in immunoblotting. In developing seed, asparaginase protein levels in the seed coat stayed constant, whereas levels in cotyledon were lower and progressively declined. In young leaf, asparagine protein levels showed diurnal variation, increasing at the end of the dark period and slowly decreasing during the light period. This was paralleled by changes in activity levels in leaf extracts. These changes accompanied a transient increase in free asparagine concentration at the beginning of the light period. The present results demonstrated that K+-dependent asparaginase activity reaches a maximum level at the transition from dark to light, anticipating dawn, in young leaves of common bean.
Asparaginase protein and activity levels rise in anticipation of dawn in young developing leaves of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Display omitted
•Two genes code for K+-dependent L-asparaginases in Phaseolus vulgaris.•Expression of PvASPG1 predominates over PvASPG2 in different tissues.•The catalytic efficiency of PvASPG2 is approximately 2-fold lower than that of PvASPG1.•Asparaginase protein and activity levels anticipate dawn in developing leaf.
The production of grain legumes is very important for food and should be promoted in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) farming systems little diversified. The research was carried out in soil and ...climatic conditions in the tobacco locality “San Juan and Martínez”, Cuba, with the objective of determining the agronomic response of four common bean cultivars (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Commercial cultivars were used 'CUL´-156', 'Buenaventura', 'Guamá 23' and 'Chévere', distributed in an experimental design of blocks randomly with four replicas. The crop is established in two sowing times (November 2017 – February 2018 y November 2018 – February 2019), in a Leached Yellowish Ferralitic soil. The agricultural yield of its components (number of legumes per plant, index non-effective legumes per plant, number of seeds per legume, dry mass of the legumes, dry mass of the seeds per legume and the mass of 100 seeds) was evaluated. The productive results showed a differentiated response between cultivars that justify the effect of the genotype-environment interaction in its crop. The average agricultural yield exceeded 65% of the genetic potential in the cultivars with red testa seeds ('Buenaventura' and 'Guamá 23') and white testa ('Chévere'), a proportion higher than that of the commercial production control 'CUL-156' (63.6%). The results of this study showed the possibility of diversifying the production of this legume in tobacco agroecosystems of “San Juan and Martínez” with cultivars of different colors in the seed coat.
Melatonin plays important roles in multiple stress responses; however, the downstream signaling pathway and molecular mechanism remain unclear. This study aimed to elucidate the transcriptional ...regulation of melatonin-induced salt stress tolerance in Phaseolus vulgaris L. and identify the key downstream transcription factors of melatonin through transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses. The melatonin-induced transcriptional network of hormones, transcription factors, and functional genes was established under both control and stress conditions. Among these, eight candidate transcription factors were identified via gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses, one gene related to transmembrane transport of salts (Phvul.004G177300). These genes may play a role in maintaining the cell structure and excreting sodium ions outside the cell or transporting them to the vacuoles for storage. Melatonin regulates the Phvul.009G210332 gene and metabolites C05642 (N-acetyl-N-2-formyl-5-methoxycanurine), C05643 (6-hydroxymelatonin), C05660 (5-methoxyindoleacetic acid) involved in tryptophan metabolism. The metabolites C05642 and C05643 were identified as decomposition products of tryptophan, indicating that exogenous melatonin entered the P. vulgaris tissue and was metabolized. Melatonin promotes the synthesis and metabolism of tryptophan, which is crucial to plant metabolism, growth, maintenance, and repair.
The interplaying defensive roles of silicon (Si) and proline (Pro) in improving growth and yield attributes, physio-biochemical attributes, and antioxidant defense systems in common bean plant grown ...under saline (NaCl) and/or cadmium (Cd2+) stress were assessed. Seed were sown in plastic pots filled with sand-free ions as a growing medium that watered with a ½-strength Hoagland's nutrient solution. Twenty five days after planting, pots were split into 4 plots; control (no stress), 150 mM NaCl (salt stress), 1.5 mM Cd2+ in CdCl2 (Cd2+ stress), and 100 mM NaCl + 1.0 mM Cd2+ (salt + Cd2+ stress). Four treatments; foliar spray with distilled water, 6 mM Si (in K2SiO3.nH2O) solution, 6 mM Pro solution, and a combination of Si and Pro were allotted under each of the 4 plots. The experimental layout was a completely randomized design with 15 replicates. Compared to control, NaCl or Cd2+ stress significantly (P ≤ 0.05) reduced plant growth and yield attributes, leaf contents of chlorophylls, carotenoids, N, P, and K+, K+/Na+ ratio, RWC, MSI, Pn and Tr, while elevated significantly leaf EL, leaf contents of proline, soluble sugar, glutathione, MDA, Na+, and root, leaf and pod contents of Cd2+. The activities of antioxidant enzymes were also raised. The combined stress (NaCl + Cd2+) was more influential. Addition of Si and/or Pro for common bean plants under NaCl and/or Cd2+ stress significantly enhanced all investigated attributes of physiology, morphology, and biochemistry, and further increased the activities of antioxidant enzymes. Supplementation of Si + Pro was the best treatment having more positive influential, especially reducing the Cd2+ content in Phaseolus vulgaris pods to the limits (0.27 mg kg−1) for legumes. Therefore, this combined treatment is recommended to use for alleviating environmental stress effects, especially salinity and Cd2+ for common bean production.
•Interplay between Si and proline improved growth and yield of salt- and Cd2+-stressed common bean plants.•Enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants activities were improved by the interplay between Si and proline.•Si+ proline application effectively restored nutrient elements due to maintaining cell water content in stressed bean plants.
A diagram shows the effect of NaCl-salinity and/or Cd2+ stress and interplay between Si and proline on growth and yield, physio-biochemical attributes, and antioxidant defense systems in stressed commen bean plants. Display omitted
Heat stress is a major limitation to grain yield in common bean ('Phaseolus vulgaris' L.). Tepary bean ('Phaseolus acutifolius' A. Gray) is better adapted to heat stress than common bean. Ten tepary ...bean accessions, four common bean genotypes and four interspecific lines involving 'P. vulgaris and P. acutufolius, P. coccineus and P. dumosus' were evaluated for tolerance to heat stress conditions induced under greenhouse conditions and these were compared to plants grown under ambient temperatures. The high temperature treatment was 29 +-5 degreesC during the day and was >24 degreesC (up to 27 degreesC) during the night, while the ambient temperature (AT) treatment was 25 +-5 degreesC during the day and 19+- 2 degreesC at night. The genotypic differences were evaluated for morpho-physiological characteristics of shoot and root and also yield components. The Genotype and Genotype × Temperature interactions were significant for all shoot and root morpho-physiological characteristics evaluated. Higher temperature (HT) significantly affected leaf photosynthetic efficiency, total chlorophyll content, and stomatal conductance. The effect was positive or negative, depending on the genotypes. Tepary accessions showed reduced total chlorophyll content, while common bean genotypes and the interspecific lines were less affected. Tepary accessions also showed reduced stomatal conductance, but increased leaf photosynthetic efficiency under HT. Common bean genotypes increased stomatal conductance and decreased leaf photosynthetic efficiency. High temperature decreased total root length, specific root length and pod biomass compared to ambient conditions, but there was no marked effect on pollen viability of the tested genotypes. The superior adaptation of tepary germplasm accessions to high temperature is attributed to their ability to regulate stomatal opening and photosynthetic efficiency, together with a superior ability to remobilize photosynthates from older leaves to pods during physiological maturity.
Abstract
Background and Aims
Root architecture is a primary determinant of soil resource acquisition. We hypothesized that root architectural phenes will display both positive and negative ...interactions with each other for soil resource capture because of competition for internal resources and functional trade-offs in soil exploration.
Methods
We employed the functional–structural plant model SimRoot to explore how interactions among architectural phenes in common bean determine the acquisition of phosphate and nitrate, two key soil resources contrasting in mobility. We evaluated the utility of basal root whorl number (BRWN) when basal root growth angle, hypocotyl-borne roots and lateral root branching density (LRBD) were varied, under varying availability of phosphate and nitrate.
Key Results
Three basal root whorls were optimal in most phenotypes. This optimum shifted towards greater values when LRBD decreased and to smaller numbers when LRBD increased. The maximum biomass accumulated for a given BRWN phenotype in a given limiting nutrient scenario depended upon root growth angle. Under phosphorus stress shallow phenotypes grew best, whereas under nitrate stress fanned phenotypes grew best. The effect of increased hypocotyl-borne roots depended upon BRWN as well as the limiting nutrient. Greater production of axial roots due to BRWN or hypocotyl-borne roots reduced rooting depth, leading to reduced biomass under nitrate-limiting conditions. Increased BRWN as well as greater LRBD increased root carbon consumption, resulting in reduced shoot biomass.
Conclusions
We conclude that the utility of a root architectural phenotype is determined by whether the constituent phenes are synergistic or antagonistic. Competition for internal resources and trade-offs for external resources result in multiple phenotypes being optimal under a given nutrient regime. We also find that no single phenotype is optimal across contrasting environments. These results have implications for understanding plant evolution and also for the breeding of more stress-tolerant crop phenotypes.
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