Whereas confrontations of racial bias prompt negative self-directed affect (e.g., guilt) and reduce bias, confrontations of gender bias are typically disregarded. We examined the effectiveness of an ...evidence-based confrontation in which participants received concrete evidence of their discriminatory gender-biased evaluations. Participants were confronted with evidence that they evaluated a female applicant for a lab manager position negatively, which would have resulted in her not being hired, and that their evaluations were more negative than an otherwise identical applicant who was male. Experiment 1 found that this confrontation activated greater guilt and, in turn, concern about expressing and regulating gender bias in the future (hereafter “future concern”), relative to participants who were confronted about gender bias but without concrete evidence of bias. Experiment 2 showed that confrontation with concrete evidence of gender bias activated guilt and future concern whether the bias was framed as viewing women as not belonging in science or as unintelligent. Experiment 3 showed that the positive effects of confronting gender bias with evidence were just as strong as a parallel confrontation of racial bias. Experiment 4 showed that the positive effects also held in a non-STEM domain, and that these effects were not dependent on the situational salience of norms opposing gender bias. Thus, a robust strategy for effective confrontation of gender bias was established. However, we discuss difficulties with implementing this strategy in many real world situations, along with implications for how best to curb gender bias through confrontation.
Machine Testimony ROTH, ANDREA
The Yale law journal,
05/2017, Letnik:
126, Številka:
7
Journal Article
Machines play increasingly crucial roles in establishing facts in legal disputes. Some machines convey information—the images of cameras, the measurements of thermometers, the opinions of expert ...systems. When a litigant offers a human assertion for its truth, the law subjects it to testimonial safeguards—such as impeachment and the hearsay rule—to give juries the context necessary to assess the source's credibility. But the law on machine conveyance is confused: courts shoehorn them into existing rules by treating them as "hearsay," as "real evidence," or as "methods" underlying human expert opinions. These attempts have not been wholly unsuccessful, but they are intellectually incoherent and fail to fully empower juries to assess machine credibility. This Article seeks to resolve this confusion and offer a coherent framework for conceptualizing and regulating machine evidence. First, it explains that some machine evidence, like human testimony, depends on the credibility of a source. Just as so-called "hearsay dangers" lurk in human assertions, "black box dangers" - human and machine errors causing a machine to be false by design, inarticulate, or analytically unsound-potentially lurk in machine conveyances. Second, it offers a taxonomy of machine evidence, explaining which types implicate credibility and how courts have attempted to regulate them through existing law. Third, it offers a new vision of testimonial safeguards for machines. It explores credibility testing in the form of front-end design, input, and operation protocols; pretrial disclosure and access rules; authentication and reliability rules; impeachment and courtroom testing mechanisms; jury instructions; and corroboration rules. And it explains why machine sources can be "witnesses" under the Sixth Amendment, refocusing the right of confrontation on meaningful impeachment. The Article concludes by suggesting how the decoupling of credibility testing from the prevailing courtroom-centered hearsay model could benefit the law of testimony more broadly.
In this research, we focused on women's perception of men as allies depending on the type of confrontation. We conducted four experimental scenario studies (Study 1 and 2 in a bar setting; Study 3 ...and 4 in a workplace setting) where a man confronted a sexist comment using either an egalitarian or paternalistic argument. Results showed that women are more likely to perceive egalitarian (vs. paternalistic) confronters as allies (Studies 1–4). This is explained by the fact that they contribute to reducing power asymmetries (decreasing perceived interpersonal power differences: Studies 2 and 4; or increasing women's empowerment: Studies 3 and 4). Furthermore, the egalitarian (vs. paternalistic) confrontation positively impacts interpersonal and intergroup relations, and this is explained by the perception of the confronter as an ally (Studies 1, 2 and 4). We discuss the role of disadvantaged group members’ perception of advantaged group members to disentangle the complexity of alliances.
Le débat politique est un élément du discours politique. En s’appuyant sur un débat de deux personnalités politique dans une émission politique à la télévision, ce travail vise à mettre à jour les ...enjeux de cette lecture du débat politique. Pour une méthodologie fondée sur une approche pragmatique, il s’agit sans nier la dimension conflictuelle une perspective de construction du sens et de la réalité. Les débattants inter agissent l’un à l’autre pour affronter et faire exister la polémique synonyme d’une respiration démocratique. Dans cet article, on essaye de renforcer la linguistique structurale dans une linguistique du discours ainsi que le langage comme acte politique qui servira à transmettre de l’information et concrétiser un monde réel.
Our research centers the underexamined perspective of Black Americans regarding allyship behaviors and investigates their perceptions and experience of a White ally who confronts a White perpetrator ...of prejudice. In two experimental studies (N = 1176), we found that Black participants reported higher levels of self-esteem after a White ally confronted a White perpetrator of racial prejudice compared to no confrontation. Additionally, we found that White ally confrontations that signaled intrinsic motivations (i.e., driven by personal values) were perceived as less suspicious in motive than those that signaled extrinsic motivations (i.e., driven by image concerns), which related to more target self-esteem. We discuss implications for research on allyship and confrontation as well as practical considerations. Our results strongly suggest that advantaged group members cannot allow overt prejudice to stand unchecked and should consider the motivations they convey in their actions.
An attack-defense confrontation problem arises from a robot swarm attacking a territory protected by another one. In denied environments, global positioning and communication are hardly available. It ...becomes difficult for a swarm to realize collaboration and handle confrontation against another. Commonly used deep reinforcement learning (DRL) relies on pretraining, which is time consuming and has strong environmental dependence, especially in denied environments. To study attack strategies in denied environments, this work proposes a novel evolutionary algorithm (EA)-based attack strategy with Swarm Robots for the first time. Each robot obtains its situation information by perceiving its nearby peers and enemies. Such information is utilized to evaluate the benefits or threats of a robot's next perceptible attack positions. Then, each robot uses EA to optimize its fitness function and searches for its optimal position. A collision-avoidance strategy is integrated into the algorithm. Hence, a robot swarm realizes collaboration and handles confrontation as long as each robot can sense its surroundings. They utilize their own sensors to detect others locally without using global positioning and communication devices. The experimental result analyses show that the EA-based attack strategy has better scalability and more potential in solving large-scale confrontational problems than the DRL-based algorithms. Rationales of the proposed method are presented to show the great capability of the proposed method.
Abstract
The competitive characteristics and training requirements of each event group that can dominate the category of difficult and beautiful performance of technical warfare have ...multi-dimensional similarities. From the aspects of competition characteristics, determinants of sports performance, structural characteristics of competitive ability, and training requirements, it analyses the antagonistic event group that can dominate the class of technical warfare, and puts forward corresponding training requirements. The development of computer simulation technology of human body system will undoubtedly bring unprecedented opportunities to sports training and sports science research, and is changing the mode of sports science research and training. The article uses the confrontation network to conduct competitive sports simulation training, which can carry out the scientific selection of competitive sports athletes, improve the overall training level and effect of competitive sports athletes, optimize, and innovate the technical movement and movement combination arrangement of competitive sports, and can truly construct competitive sports training scenes.
L’auto-confrontation : un outil pour identifier les gestes professionnels et relever les défis de la formation
Dans cette contribution, nous cherchons à mettre en lumière ce qui oriente l’activité ...d’une enseignante experte dans une classe de 1-2HarmoS. Nous pensons que l’accès au discours de l’enseignant expert permet de rendre visible et lisible la complexité des gestes enseignants et que ceci constitue un outil intéressant pour la formation.
Nous proposons une analyse qualitative à partir d’une situation d’enseignement et d’une auto-confrontation. Nous répondrons aux questions suivantes:
Que fait l’enseignante ?
Quelles connaissances mobilise-t-elle ?
Que cherche-t-elle à faire ?
Que prend-elle en compte dans la situation ?
Il s’agit d’un homme de 47 ans aux antécédents de migraine sans aura et de névralgie d’Arnold, chez qui est apparu sur quelques jours des troubles sensitifs des 4 membres et de l’hémiface gauche, une ...tétraparésie avec un syndrome tétrapyramidal, un syndrome cérébelleux puis un syndrome de Takotsubo.
Les résultats radiologiques et biologiques seront discutés lors du congrès.
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