Learning from Academic Conferences is a guide for participants, presenters and organizers which combines research results with practical advice. A must for all who attend academic conferences.
This involves studying accounting in various contexts, such as business, social and public sector organisations, including charitable bodies, mutual societies, professional and academic bodies and ...family businesses.
This involves studying accounting in various contexts, such as business, social and public sector organisations, including charitable bodies, mutual societies, professional and academic bodies and ...family businesses.
THE LAW OF INTERPRETATION Baude, William; Sachs, Stephen E.
Harvard law review,
02/2017, Letnik:
130, Številka:
4
Journal Article
Recenzirano
How should we interpret legal instruments? How do we identify the law they create? Current approaches largely fall into two broad camps. The standard picture of interpretation is focused on language, ...using various linguistic conventions to discover a document's meaning or a drafter's intent. Those who see language as less determinate take a more skeptical view, urging judges to make interpretive choices on policy grounds. Yet both approaches neglect the most important resource available: the already applicable rules of law. Legal interpretation is neither a subfield of linguistics nor an exercise in policymaking. Rather, it is deeply shaped by preexisting legal rules. These rules tell us what legal materials to read and how to read them. Like other parts of the law, what we call "the law of interpretation" has a claim to guide the actions of judges, officials, and private interpreters — even if it isn't ideal. We argue that legal interpretive rules are conceptually possible, normatively sensible, and actually part of our legal system. This Article thus reframes the theory of statutory and constitutional interpretation, distinguishing purely linguistic questions from legal questions to which language offers no unique answer. It also has two concrete implications of note. It provides a framework for analyzing the canons of interpretation, determining whether they are legally valid and how much authority they bear. And it helps resolve debates over constitutional "interpretation" and "construction," explaining how construction can go beyond the text but not beyond the law.
Learning Analytics Siemens, George
The American behavioral scientist (Beverly Hills),
10/2013, Letnik:
57, Številka:
10
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Recently, learning analytics (LA) has drawn the attention of academics, researchers, and administrators. This interest is motivated by the need to better understand teaching, learning, “intelligent ...content,” and personalization and adaptation. While still in the early stages of research and implementation, several organizations (Society for Learning Analytics Research and the International Educational Data Mining Society) have formed to foster a research community around the role of data analytics in education. This article considers the research fields that have contributed technologies and methodologies to the development of learning analytics, analytics models, the importance of increasing analytics capabilities in organizations, and models for deploying analytics in educational settings. The challenges facing LA as a field are also reviewed, particularly regarding the need to increase the scope of data capture so that the complexity of the learning process can be more accurately reflected in analysis. Privacy and data ownership will become increasingly important for all participants in analytics projects. The current legal system is immature in relation to privacy and ethics concerns in analytics. The article concludes by arguing that LA has sufficiently developed, through conferences, journals, summer institutes, and research labs, to be considered an emerging research field.
Empirical research on deliberative democracy suggests many innovative institutional proposals for bringing current societies closer to that ideal. Although these proposals may share a common aim, ...they are often motivated by widely divergent views regarding the relative importance of different democratic values. Key differences can be illustrated by looking at approaches that focus on micro, macro, and local deliberation respectively. The first approach focuses on deliberation concerning general political issues among small groups of randomly selected citizens - mini-publics such as citizen juries, consensus conferences, deliberative polls, and so on. These institutional proposals are mostly concerned with increasing the quality of face-to-face deliberation and far less with increasing mass participation in political deliberation or citizen engagement in local politics. In contrast, proposals that focus on macro deliberative processes in the broad public sphere are more concerned with the inclusion of citizens in deliberation about general political issues, and much less with increasing the quality of face-to-face deliberation or the engagement of citizens in solving local problems. This latter concern is central for proposals that focus on deliberation among directly affected citizens regarding local issues such as the allocation of a city's budget or the operation of a school, but these proposals in turn are less concerned with macro deliberative processes of opinion and will-formation in the broader public sphere. In light of the different strengths and weaknesses inherent in each of these proposals, some deliberative democrats call for an integrative approach, that is, an approach that would combine the virtues of these different perspectives and, in so doing, avoid the weaknesses ensuing from adopting one of them while excluding the others. Conceiving deliberative democracy as a deliberative system with many different elements, levels, and sites may offer a feasible way to integrate different approaches without having to choose among them. Adapted from the source document.
This article expands the scope of agenda-building research, which has traditionally focused on the ability of press releases, press conferences, and political ads to influence media coverage. ...In-depth interviews with political reporters and editors at US newspapers during the 2012 campaign found that tweets from political leaders are used by journalists in ways that suggest first- and second-level agenda building. Participants gave examples of how political tweets have shaped their coverage in terms of the events they cover, the sources they interview, the quotes they use, and the background information they rely on to decide how to cover an issue. In addition, political tweets that contribute the most to coverage tend to have several elements in common.
Looking into the history of international law, it can be said that it has moved from exclusiveness to inclusiveness. This is evident from the language of treaties that shifted from 'We the civilized ...nations' to 'We, the member states', 'the States Parties to the present Convention'. However, the story of international law has continued to bounce between inclusiveness back to exclusiveness in our modern times. In international organizations' terms, 'consensus' can be said to reflect the most inclusivity in adopting treaties and resolutions. Consensus means all states agree to adopt the instrument, albeit sometimes with a few reservations that differentiate between consensus and unanimity, the latter not allowing any reservation during the adoption of an instrument.
