Qualitative content analysis consists of conventional, directed and summative approaches for data analysis. They are used for provision of descriptive knowledge and understandings of the phenomenon ...under study. However, the method underpinning directed qualitative content analysis is insufficiently delineated in international literature. This paper aims to describe and integrate the process of data analysis in directed qualitative content analysis. Various international databases were used to retrieve articles related to directed qualitative content analysis. A review of literature led to the integration and elaboration of a stepwise method of data analysis for directed qualitative content analysis. The proposed 16-step method of data analysis in this paper is a detailed description of analytical steps to be taken in directed qualitative content analysis that covers the current gap of knowledge in international literature regarding the practical process of qualitative data analysis. An example of “the resuscitation team members' motivation for cardiopulmonary resuscitation” based on Victor Vroom's expectancy theory is also presented. The directed qualitative content analysis method proposed in this paper is a reliable, transparent, and comprehensive method for qualitative researchers. It can increase the rigour of qualitative data analysis, make the comparison of the findings of different studies possible and yield practical results.
Research methods and analytical approaches that support inquiry in the social sciences need to respond to continual changes in the theoretical frameworks, research methods, and technologies used to ...support data collection and analysis in contemporary research frameworks. This article describes a variation of qualitative content analysis, termed ‘multimodal content analysis’, that draws upon previous iterations of qualitative content analysis, interpretivist research designs, deductive and inductive reasoning, qualitative data collection and analysis methods, and theories of multimodality for conceptualizing and analyzing a selected corpus of multimodal phenomena. In addition, the analysis of selected commercial wine labels is presented to offer researchers an example of multimodal content analysis to guide future research and open up a dialogue focusing on the potential advantages and challenges to researching multimodal phenomena.
Educational institutes across the world have closed due to the COVID-19 pandemic jeopardizing the academic calendars. Most educational institutes have shifted to online learning platforms to keep the ...academic activities going. However, the questions about the preparedness, designing and effectiveness of e-learning is still not clearly understood, particularly for a developing country like India, where the technical constraints like suitability of devices and bandwidth availability poses a serious challenge. In this study, we focus on understanding Agricultural Student’s perception and preference towards the online learning through an online survey of 307 students. We also explored the student’s preferences for various attributes of online classes, which will be helpful to design effective online learning environment. The results indicated that majority of the respondents (70%) are ready to opt for online classes to manage the curriculum during this pandemic. Majority of the students preferred to use smart phone for online learning. Using content analysis, we found that students prefer recorded classes with quiz at the end of each class to improve the effectiveness of learning. The students opined that flexibility and convenience of online classes makes it attractive option, whereas broadband connectivity issues in rural areas makes it a challenge for students to make use of online learning initiatives. However, in agricultural education system where many courses are practical oriented, shifting completely to online mode may not be possible and need to device a hybrid mode, the insights from this article can be helpful in designing the curriculum for the new normal.
Scale development involves numerous theoretical, methodological, and statistical competencies. Despite the central role that scales play in our predictions, scholars often apply measurement building ...procedures that are inconsistent with best practices. The defaults in statistical programs, inadequate training, and numerous evaluation points can lead to improper practices. Based on a quantitative content analysis of communication journal articles, scholars have improved very little in the communication of their scale development decisions and practices. To address these reoccurring issues, this article breaks down and recommends 10 steps to follow in the scale development process for researchers unfamiliar with the process. Furthermore, the present research makes a unique contribution by overviewing procedures scholars should employ to develop their dimensions and corresponding items. The overarching objective is to encourage the adoption of scale development best practices that yield stronger concepts, and in the long run, a more stable foundation of knowledge.
Qualitative content analysis and other ‘standardised’ methods are sometimes considered to be technical tools used for basic, superficial, and simple sorting of text, and their results lack depth, ...scientific rigour, and evidence. To strengthen the trustworthiness of qualitative content analyses, we focus on abstraction and interpretation during the analytic process. To our knowledge, descriptions of these concepts are sparse; this paper therefore aims to elaborate on and exemplify the distinction and relation between abstraction and interpretation during the different phases of the process of qualitative content analysis. We address the relations between abstraction and interpretation when selecting, condensing, and coding meaning units and creating categories and themes on various levels. The examples used are based on our experiences of teaching and supervising students at various levels. We also highlight the phases of de-contextualisation and re-contextualisation in describing the analytic process. We argue that qualitative content analysis can be both descriptive and interpretative. When the data allow interpretations of the latent content, qualitative content analysis reveals both depth and meaning in participants’ utterances.
Bu çalışmada, Türkiye’de faaliyet gösteren katılım bankaları ile ilgili banka müşterileri tarafından yapılan şikayetler konu edilmiştir. Katılım bankacılığı müşterilerinin belirlenen dönemde en fazla ...hangi konularda şikâyet ettiğinin belirlenmesi ve bunun içerik analizi ile ortaya konulması araştırmanın amacı olarak belirlenmiştir. Yapılan analiz neticesinde bankalarının sunmuş oldukları ürün ve hizmetler ana temasının ortaya çıktığı ve yapılan içerik analizi sonucu söz konusu temanın altı ana kategoriden oluştuğu belirlenmiştir. Yapılan şikayetlerin frekansı baz alındığında en yüksek frekanslı ana kategorinin hesap işlemleri olduğu belirlenmiştir. Hesap işlemleri kategorisini sırasıyla yatırım işlemleri, kredi kartı ile ilgili işlemler, ATM ile ilgili işlemler ve sigorta işlemleri kategorileri izlemiştir. Ayrıca katılım bankaları ile ilgili müşteri şikayetlerinin bir sonucu olarak müşterilerin taşıdıkları olumsuz düşünceleri kapsayan güven kaybı, mağduriyet ve olumsuz yaklaşım teması ve bu temayı oluşturan alt kategoriler de belirlenmiştir. Araştırma konusu ile ilgili araştırma döneminin daha uzun tutulması, COVID öncesi, sonrası ve ekonomik kriz dönemleri ile ilgili müşteri şikâyetlerinin karşılaştırmalarının yapılması öneri olarak sunulabilir.
In this study, complaints made by bank customers regarding participation banks operating in Turkey are discussed. The aim of the study was to determine which issues the participation banking customers complained about the most in the said period and to reveal this through content analysis. As a result of the analysis, it has been determined that the theme of the products and services offered by the banks emerged and as a result of the content analysis, the theme in question consisted of six main categories. Based on the frequency of the complaints made, it has been determined that the main category with the highest frequency was the accounting transactions. The account transactions category has been followed by investment transactions, credit card related transactions, ATM related transactions and insurance transactions categories respectively. In addition, as a result of customer complaints about participation banks, the theme of loss of confidence, grievance and covering the negative thoughts carried by the customers and the sub-categories constituting this theme have been also determined. It may be suggested to keep the research period related to the research subject longer and to compare customer complaints about pre, post-COVID and economic crisis periods.
Summary
Content‐based techniques for credibility assessment (Criteria‐Based Content Analysis CBCA, Reality Monitoring RM) have been shown to distinguish between experience‐based and fabricated ...statements in previous meta‐analyses. New simulations raised the question whether these results are reliable revealing that using meta‐analytic methods on biased datasets lead to false‐positive rates of up to 100%. By assessing the performance of and applying different bias‐correcting meta‐analytic methods on a set of 71 studies we aimed for more precise effect size estimates. According to the sole bias‐correcting meta‐analytic method that performed well under a priori specified boundary conditions, CBCA and RM distinguished between experience‐based and fabricated statements. However, great heterogeneity limited precise point estimation (i.e., moderate to large effects). In contrast, Scientific Content Analysis (SCAN)—another content‐based technique tested—failed to discriminate between truth and lies. It is discussed how the gap between research on and forensic application of content‐based credibility assessment may be narrowed.
In this study we explore the so-called Internet aesthetics, labels applied on heterogenous collections of materials and activities by Internet users, which are discussed and constructed primarily on ...the Internet. We conducted qualitative content analyses on entries of AestheticsWiki, as well as interviews with 11 Internet aesthetics enthusiasts. In contrast to established notions such as genre, style or subculture, Internet aesthetics are characterized by few conventions, but seem fundamentally open for individual interpretations. We therefore theorize that they primarily serve as toolkits, through which individuals give sense and coherence to personal experience, in line with a situation-specific self-image. In doing so, they contribute to a reflexive myth of the self.
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