Effective innovative development of the construction industry is impossible without providing the companies with financial resources. In turn some innovation approaches both in banks, and in non-bank ...credit organizations were created concerning this issue. The authors define the type of the innovations, occurring in the sphere of financing and crediting of construction companies as improving innovations or modification, aimed at the improvement of service while preserving the main functions and principles of the services rendering. First of all the innovations are based on the use of information technologies, such as application of big data, artificial intelligence, information analysis of the clients’ social networks for the adoption of the credit decision; the development of online crediting, creation of the infrastructure of the alternate investments and credits for providing the companies with financial resources. The purpose of this research was the identification and characteristic of the top innovation trends in providing the companies with financial resources. The system approach, methods of groupping, statistic and comparative analysis were applied for the achievement of this purpose. The results of the analysis allowed to conclude, that the innovation approaches make financial resources more available for the companies. Some modern problems of the information technology development in the field of financing and crediting were considered as the debatable question. The matter of the role of banks in the creation of the innovation system of providing the companies with financial resources is also considered.
The situation on the market of bank crediting of agricultural enterprises is analysed. Have been identified the key reasons for the low efficiency of the current mechanism of lending by banks to the ...agro-industrial sector. The key shortcomings in the system of financing the enterprises of the agro-industrial complex are revealed. The investment attractiveness in Ukraine is considered and specified in the dynamics by regions. The volumes of financing the activity of agro-industrial enterprises in Ukraine by sources of income are analysed. It is proved that effective financing opens wide opportunities for the development of enterprises in the agricultural sector.
In the study general and specific economic methods, as well as a basic research approach, which allowed us to determine the economic nature of the financial sector and the scope of financing of agricultural enterprises are used. The financial instruments of the agricultural enterprise use of which will promote the achievement of the European standards are offered. Scientifically substantiated recommendations on the directions of application in Ukraine of the international experience of stimulation of the financial activity of subjects of the agro-industrial complex are entered. In developed countries, a rich arsenal of support tools is used to support financial activities in the agro-industrial complex. A list of the most common tools for such support used in developed countries is given. It is noted that the solution of problems of financial support for the development of the agro-industrial complex should be carried out on the basis of studying, generalizing, and taking into account the best international experience. The world experience of financing the agricultural sector of the economy and the peculiarities of the distribution of state subventions for the development of agricultural production are studied. The scientific novelty of the obtained results is represented by a set of theoretical and practical aspects of the study, namely proposals for the current state of lending to agriculture and recommendations for the use of new financial instruments in the context of the implementation of international experience.
Keywords: crediting, financial sector, agro-industrial complex, international experience.
JEL Classification Q14
Formulas: 0; fig.: 5; tabl.: 2; bibl.: 16.
•Offset policies rarely state the baseline against which no net loss is achieved.•Averted loss offsetting assumes a counterfactual of biodiversity decline.•Australian offset policies all allow offset ...credit from averted loss.•Assumed crediting baselines were much steeper than recent rates of vegetation loss.•Baselines reveal implicit assumptions about the future of biodiversity.
Biodiversity offset trades usually aim to achieve ‘no net loss’ of biodiversity. But the question remains: no net loss compared to what? Determining whether an offset can compensate for a given impact requires assumptions about the counterfactual scenario—that which would have happened without the offset—against which the gain at an offset site can be estimated. Where this counterfactual scenario, or ‘crediting baseline’, assumes a future trajectory of biodiversity decline, the intended net outcome of the offset trade is maintenance of that declining trajectory. If the rate of decline of the crediting baseline is implausibly steep, biodiversity offset trades can exacerbate biodiversity decline. We examined crediting baselines used in offset policies across Australia, and compared them with recent estimates of decline in woody vegetation extent. All jurisdictions permitted offset credit generated using averted loss—implying an assumption of background decline—but few were explicit about their crediting baseline. The credit calculation approaches implied assumed crediting baselines of up to 4.2% loss (of vegetation extent and/or condition) per annum; on average, the crediting baselines were >5 times steeper than recent rates of vegetation loss. For these crediting baselines to be plausible, declines in vegetation condition must be rapid, but this was not reflected in the approaches for which assumptions about decline in extent and condition could be separated. We conclude that crediting baselines in Australian offset schemes risk exacerbating biodiversity loss. The near-ubiquitous use of declining crediting baselines risks ‘locking in’ biodiversity decline across impact and offset sites, with implications for biodiversity conservation more broadly.
Offsetting is emerging as an important but controversial approach for managing environment–development conflicts. Biodiversity offsets are designed to compensate for damage to biodiversity from ...development by providing biodiversity gains elsewhere. Here, we suggest how biodiversity offset policies can generate behaviours that exacerbate biodiversity decline, and identify four perverse incentives that could arise even from soundly designed policies. These include incentives for (i) entrenching or exacerbating baseline biodiversity declines, (ii) winding back non‐offset conservation actions, (iii) crowding out of conservation volunteerism and (iv) false public confidence in environmental outcomes due to marketing offset actions as gains. Synthesis and applications. Despite its goal of improving biodiversity outcomes, there is potential for best‐practice offsetting to achieve the opposite result. Reducing this risk requires coupling offset crediting baselines to measured trajectories of biodiversity change and understanding the potential interaction between offsetting and other environmental policies.
CREditing: a tool for gene tuning in Trypanosoma cruzi Pacheco-Lugo, Lisandro A.; Sáenz-García, José L.; Díaz-Olmos, Yirys ...
International journal for parasitology,
November 2020, 2020-11-00, 20201101, Letnik:
50, Številka:
13
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
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•Genetic manipulation is challenging in Trypanosoma cruzi, a difficult to manipulate parasite.•The delivery of CRE recombinase by electroporation (CREditing) showed high recombination ...efficiencies.•CREditing is a powerful tool for gain of function and loss of function strategies.•CREditing allows removal of selectable markers in a highly efficient fashion.•The CREditing approach can also be used to manipulate gene expression in infective and non-replicative forms.
The genetic manipulation of Trypanosoma cruzi continues to be a challenge, mainly due to the lack of available and efficient molecular tools. The CRE-lox recombination system is a site-specific recombinase technology, widely used method of achieving conditional targeted deletions, inversions, insertions, gene activation, translocation, and other modifications in chromosomal or episomal DNA. In the present study, the CRE-lox system was adapted to expand the current genetic toolbox for this hard-to-manipulate parasite. For this, evaluations of whether direct protein delivery of CRE recombinase through electroporation could improve CRE-mediated recombination in T. cruzi were performed. CRE recombinase was fused to the C-terminus of T. cruzi histone H2B, which carries the nuclear localization signal and is expressed in the prokaryotic system. The fusion protein was affinity purified and directly introduced into epimastigotes and tissue culture-derived trypomastigotes. This enabled the control of gene expression as demonstrated by turning on a tandem dimer fluorescent protein reporter gene that had been previously transfected into parasites, achieving CRE-mediated recombination in up to 85% of parasites. This system was further tested for its ability to turn off gene expression, remove selectable markers integrated into the genome, and conditionally knock down the nitroreductase gene, which is involved in drug resistance. Additionally, CREditing also enabled the control of gene expression in tissue culture trypomastigotes, which are more difficult to transfect than epimastigotes. The considerable advances in genomic manipulation of T. cruzi shown in this study can be used by others to aid in the greater understanding of this parasite through gain- or loss-of-function approaches.
Societal Impact Statement
Humankind is facing both climate and biodiversity crises. This article proposes the foundations of a scheme that offers tradable credits for combined aboveground and soil ...carbon and biodiversity. Multidiversity—as estimated based on high‐throughput molecular identification of soil meiofauna, fungi, bacteria, protists, plants and other organisms shedding DNA into soil, complemented by acoustic and video analyses of aboveground macrobiota—offers a cost‐effective method that captures much of the terrestrial biodiversity. Such a voluntary crediting system would increase the quality of carbon projects and contribute funding for delivering the Kunming‐Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework.
Summary
Carbon crediting and land offsets for biodiversity protection have been developed to tackle the challenges of increasing greenhouse gas emissions and the loss of global biodiversity. Unfortunately, these two mechanisms are not optimal when considered separately. Focusing solely on carbon capture—the primary goal of most carbon‐focused crediting and offsetting commitments—often results in the establishment of non‐native, fast‐growing monocultures that negatively affect biodiversity and soil‐related ecosystem services. Soil contributes a vast proportion of global biodiversity and contains traces of aboveground organisms. Here, we outline a carbon and biodiversity co‐crediting scheme based on the multi‐kingdom molecular and carbon analyses of soil samples, along with remote sensing estimation of aboveground carbon as well as video and acoustic analyses‐based monitoring of aboveground macroorganisms. Combined, such a co‐crediting scheme could help halt biodiversity loss by incentivising industry and governments to account for biodiversity in carbon sequestration projects more rigorously, explicitly and equitably than they currently do. In most cases, this would help prioritise protection before restoration and help promote more socially and environmentally sustainable land stewardship towards a ‘nature positive’ future.
Inimkond ägab nii kliima‐ kui ka elurikkuse kriiside all. Selles artiklis pakume välja kaubeldava süsiniku ja elurikkuse kooskrediteerimise skeemi, kus eri organismirühmade (selgrootud loomad, seened, bakterid, protistid, taimed) kaalutud liigirikkus mullaproovides on peamine elurikkuse näitaja. Molekulaarsete meetodite abil läbiviidud mulla DNA uuringud koos video ja akustilise materjaliga võimaldavad kulutõhusalt hinnata kogu ökosüsteemi elurikkust. Siin väljapakutud kooskrediteerimise põhimõte võimaldab tõhustada süsinikuprojekte ja rahastada looduskaitset.
Humankind is facing both climate and biodiversity crises. This article proposes the foundations of a scheme that offers tradable credits for combined aboveground and soil carbon and biodiversity. Multidiversity—as estimated based on high‐throughput molecular identification of soil meiofauna, fungi, bacteria, protists, plants and other organisms shedding DNA into soil, complemented by acoustic and video analyses of aboveground macrobiota—offers a cost‐effective method that captures much of the terrestrial biodiversity. Such a voluntary crediting system would increase the quality of carbon projects and contribute funding for delivering the Kunming‐Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework.
In the California compliance cap‐and‐trade carbon market, improved forest management (IFM) projects generate carbon credits in the initial reporting period if their initial carbon stocks are greater ...than a baseline. This baseline is informed by a “common practice” stocking value, which represents the average carbon stocks of surveyed privately owned forests that are classified into the same general forest type by the California Air Resources Board. Recent work has called attention to the need for more ecologically informed common practice carbon stocking values for IFM projects, particularly those in areas with sharp ecological gradients. Current methods for estimating common practice produce biases in baseline carbon values that lead to a clustering of IFM projects in geographical areas and ecosystem types that in fact support much greater forest carbon stocks than reflected in the common practice. This phenomenon compromises additionality, or the increases in carbon sequestration or decreases in carbon emissions that would not have occurred in the absence of carbon crediting. This study seeks to expand upon recent work on this topic and establish unbiased common practice estimates along sharp ecological gradients using methods that do not rely upon discrete forest classification. We generated common practice values for credited IFM projects in the Southern Cascades using a principal components analysis on species composition over an extensive forest inventory to determine the ecological similarity between inventoried forests and IFM project sites. Our findings strengthen the results of recent research suggesting common practice bias and adverse selection. At several sites, even after controlling for private ownership, 100% of the initial carbon stocks could be explained by ecological variables. This result means that improved management did not preserve or increase carbon stocks above what was typical, suggesting that no carbon offsets should have been issued for these sites. This result reveals greater bias than that been found at project sites in this region by research that has used discrete forest categorization.
Soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration has become a critical component of climate change mitigation strategies, offering a natural and economically viable means to mitigate atmospheric CO2 levels. ...Current practices in SOC sequestration auditing face limitations due to the requirement for carbon permanence, which can discourage landholders from participating due to long-term commitments and uncertainties. We propose the concept of the Soil Carbon Tonne-Year as a new unit of measurement for assessing SOC sequestration, focusing on the time-integrated amount of carbon stored in the soil. Soil carbon tonne-year measures SOC stock across different operational soil carbon pools (such as Mineral Associated Organic Carbon and Particulate Organic Carbon), each with its own mean residence time. This approach, based on physical rather than economic or climatic metrics, aims to offer a more accurate, flexible, and realistic method of accounting for SOC. Our examples suggest that the Soil Carbon Tonne-Year approach could significantly enhance management flexibility, potentially increasing land value and leading to sustainable gains over the long term.
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