Mitochondria are evolutionary endosymbionts derived from bacteria. Thus, they bear molecules, such as mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) that contains CpG DNA repeats and N-formyl peptides (FPs), found in ...bacteria. Upon cell necrosis or apoptosis, these molecules are released into the interstitial space and the circulation and recognized by the immune cells through the same receptors that recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns, leading to inflammation. Other mitochondrial molecules are not of bacterial origin, but they may serve as danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) when due to cell injury are translocated into inappropriate compartments. There they are recognized by pattern recognition receptors of the immune cells. Cytochrome c is such a molecule. In this review, experimental and clinical data are presented that confirms cytochrome c release into the extracellular space in pathological conditions characterized by cell death. This indicates that serum cytochrome c, which can be easily measured, may be a clinically useful marker for diagnosing and assessing the severity of such pathological entities. Reasonably, detection of high cytochrome c level into the circulation means release of various other molecules that serves as DAMPs when found extracellularly, the mtDNA and FPs included. Finally, because the release of this universally found compound into the extracellular space makes cytochrome c an ideal molecule to play the role of a DAMP per se, the available experimental and clinical data that support such a role are provided.
Abstract Individual danger and collective danger have very different effects according to the predictions of a theory called regality theory , based on evolutionary psychology. This study explores ...the effects of different kinds of danger on 37 different indicators of psychological and cultural responses to danger based on data from two waves of the World Values Survey, including 173,000 respondents in 79 countries. The results show that individual danger and collective danger have very different – and often opposite – psychological and cultural effects. Collective dangers are positively correlated with many indicators related to authoritarianism, nationalism, discipline, intolerance, morality, religiosity, etc. Individual dangers have neutral or opposite correlations with many of these indicators. Infectious diseases have little or no effects on these indicators. Many previous studies that confound different kinds of danger may be misleading. Several psychological and cultural theories are discussed in relation to these results. The observed effects of collective danger are in agreement with many of these theories while individual danger has unexpected effects. The findings are not in agreement with terror management theory and pathogen stress theory.
Danger signals trigger immune responses upon perception by a complex surveillance system. Such signals can originate from the infectious nonself or the damaged self, the latter termed ...damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). Here, we apply Matzinger's danger model to plant innate immunity to discuss the adaptive advantages of DAMPs and their integration into preexisting signaling pathways. Constitutive DAMPs (cDAMPs), e.g., extracellular ATP, histones, and self-DNA, fulfill primary, conserved functions and adopt a signaling role only when cellular damage causes their fragmentation or localization to aberrant compartments. By contrast, immunomodulatory peptides (also known as phytocytokines) exclusively function as signals and, upon damage, are activated as inducible DAMPs (iDAMPs). Dynamic coevolutionary processes between the signals and their emerging receptors and shared co-receptors have likely linked danger recognition to preexisting, conserved downstream pathways.
The self-non-self theory has dominated immunology since the 1950s. In the 1990s, Matzinger and her colleagues suggested a new, competing theory, called the "danger theory." This theory has provoked ...mixed acclaim: enthusiasm and criticism. Here we assess the danger theory vis-à-vis recent experimental data on innate immunity, transplantation, cancers and tolerance to foreign entities, and try to elucidate more clearly whether danger is well defined.
Tumor cells often switch from mitochondrial oxidative metabolism to glycolytic metabolism even under aerobic conditions. Tumor cell glycolysis is accompanied by several nonenzymatic activities among ...which induction of drug resistance has important therapeutic implications. In this article, we review the main aspects of glycolysis-induced drug resistance. We discuss the classes of antitumor drugs that are affected and the components of the glycolytic pathway (transporters, enzymes, metabolites) that are involved in the induction of drug resistance. Glycolysis-associated drug resistance occurs in response to stimuli, either cell-autonomous (e.g., oncoproteins) or deriving from the tumor microenvironment (e.g., hypoxia or pseudohypoxia, mechanical cues, etc.). Several mechanisms mediate the induction of drug resistance in response to glycolytic metabolism: inhibition of apoptosis, induction of epithelial-mesenchymal transition, induction of autophagy, inhibition of drug influx and increase of drug efflux. We suggest that drug resistance in response to glycolysis comes into play in presence of qualitative (e.g., expression of embryonic enzyme isoforms, post-translational enzyme modifications) or quantitative (e.g., overexpression of enzymes or overproduction of metabolites) alterations of glycolytic metabolism. We also discern similarities between changes occurring in tumor cells in response to stimuli inducing glycolysis-associated drug resistance and those occurring in cells of the innate immune system in response to danger signals and that have been referred to as danger-associated metabolic modifications. Eventually, we briefly address that also mitochondrial oxidative metabolism may induce drug resistance and discuss the therapeutic implications deriving from the fact that the main energy-generating metabolic pathways may be both at the origin of antitumor drug resistance.
Immunogenic cell death Garg, Abhishek D; Dudek-Peric, Aleksandra M; Romano, Erminia ...
The International journal of developmental biology,
01/2015, Letnik:
59, Številka:
1-3
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Currently, it is widely acknowledged that a proactive anticancer immunosurveillance mechanism takes part in the rejection of neoplastic lesions before they progress towards a benign or malignant ...tumour. However in cases of very aggressive neoplastic lesions consisting of cells with high mutational diversity, cancer cell variants might be formed that are capable of evading host defence systems against uncontrolled proliferation and anticancer immunosurveillance. This is mainly accomplished through the exhibition of low immunogenicity, which is a particularly important stumbling block in the revival of long-lasting as well as stable anticancer immunity. Recently, it has emerged emphatically that inciting a cancer cell death routine, associated with the activation of danger signalling pathways evoking emission of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), markedly increases the immunogenicity of dying cancer cells. This cell death pathway has been termed "immunogenic cell death" (ICD). In the present review we introduce this concept and discuss its characteristics in detail. We also discuss in detail the various molecular, immunological and operational determinants of ICD.
That Great Mother of Danger Anidjar, Gil
Critical times (Berkeley, Calif.),
08/2023, Letnik:
6, Številka:
2
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Were one to trust the experts of “the risk society,” and the countless volumes that take risk as their object, one might conclude that we have lost sight of danger. How secure is the distinction? ...This essay registers the discursive proliferation that has surrounded risk, as opposed to the poverty of theorizations of danger. Since Mary Douglas's famous 1966 contribution, it is as if the two terms were synonymous. Yet linguistic usage, along with other counterexamples, signal that we might learn from attending to danger in its specificity. The essay then turns to Sigmund Freud, that little-recognized thinker of danger. It was Freud who located loss—and the mother—at the center of what he strikingly called the “danger-situation.”
Firebreaks are one of the protective measures used to safeguard forests in case of fire. Their purpose is to limit the possibility of fire spreading. This article describes how these protective ...measures are implemented along public roads in selected European countries. Based on the information gathered, it was found that there is a wide variety of approaches to firebreaks’ construction, mostly due to different climatic and geomorphological conditions that influence the overall risk of forest fires. The forms of firebreaks used in Europe along public roads are either a mineralised belt (without vegetation) or a cleared belt of materials that are particularly susceptible to ignition and fire spread. Methods combining both are also used.
In Poland, there is a Type A belt, that is, a 30-m-wide belt at the border of a roadway or a facility that is free of dead trees, lying branches and felled or broken trees. In the absence of pan-European rules on preventive measures to protect forests from road fires, it might be helpful to establish a set of best practices that could assist in the revision of guidelines in individual countries.
Introduction: Obstetrics danger signs are the major health problems and cause of mortality among women in developing countries including Ethiopia. To make an informed decision man should know the ...danger signs of pregnancy, childbirth, and postpartum and be able to act when they occur. In this regard, the role of men as decision-makers cannot be overlooked. However, studies regarding knowledge and associated factors of obstetric danger signs were limited in Ethiopia. Objectives: This study aimed to assess knowledge and associated factors towards obstetric danger signs among men in Debretabor town North West, Ethiopia. Method: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 609 participants from February 1 -March 30/2021 in Debre Tabor town. A cluster sampling procedure was used. Data were collected through a pretested semi-structured interviewer-administered questionnaire. Data were entered into Epi data version 4.6 and exported into SPSS version 25 for analysis. All variables with a p-value < 0.2 in the Bivariable analysis were entered into multivariable logistic regression analysis. The statistically significant association of variables was determined based on the Adjusted Odds ratio with a 95 % confidence interval and p-value < 0.05. Results: Six hundred and nine men were interviewed which made a response rate of 96.9 %. Men’s knowledge of obstetrics danger signs was (44.8 %). In logistic regression analysis the wife's previous obstetrics danger sign (AOR = 5.34,95 %CI (3.49–8.16), diploma and above education (AOR = 7.27, 95 %CI (2.13–8.83), wife's antenatal care (AOR = 2.44, 95 % CI (1.29–4.64), wives gave birth at the hospital (AOR = 4.38, 95 %CI 1.69–11.31) and health development army leader (AOR = 3.86, 95 %CI (1.38–10.75) were associated with knowledge level. Conclusion: In this study men’s knowledge of obstetrics danger signs was low. Husband’s education, place of delivery, and antenatal care have a great role in improving men’s knowledge. The government and stakeholders should give due emphasis to creating awareness and health education about obstetrics danger signs in this particular community.
Maternal health care services utilization is low in Ethiopia, with an antenatal care service coverage of 74 %. Pregnant women who do not know pregnancy danger signs delay seeking care. This study ...aimed to assess counseling of pregnancy danger signs and associated factors among pregnant mothers in Ethiopia.
The study was cross-sectional using the Ethiopian Mini Demographic and Health Survey 2019 data. In this study, we included a weighted sample of 2922 women. We conducted descriptive and logistic regression analysis using statistical software, SPSS version 23.
Only 56.6 % of pregnant mothers received counseling on pregnancy danger signs. Counseling was affected by secondary education AOR = 1.50, 95 %CI (1.13, 1.99), higher education AOR = 2.36,95 %CI (1.60, 3.50), rich AOR = 1.53, 95 %CI (1.20, 1.95), middle wealth AOR = 1.33, 95 %CI (1.06, 1.67), media AOR = 1.23, 95 %CI (1.01, 1.50), not pregnant AOR = 1.27, 95 %CI (0.99, 1.63), four + antenatal care AOR = 1.52, 95 %CI (1.29, 1.80), antenatal care at health posts AOR = 1.38, 95 %CI (1.10, 1.74), antenatal care by midwifery AOR = 1.30,95 %CI (1.07, 1.58), blood pressure measured AOR = 1.76,95 %CI (1.30, 2.38), blood sample taken AOR = 1.73,95 %CI (1.31, 2.28), urine sample taken AOR = 1.44, 95 %CI (1.12, 1.86), iron supplemented AOR = 1.92,95 %CI (1.59, 2.33).
Nearly one-half of the pregnant mothers received counseling on pregnancy danger signs. Counseling was affected by education, wealth, media, pregnancy, antenatal care related, and services provided. The antenatal care providers should be trained and guideline should be provided.
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