This paper aims to critically review the existing literature on the relationship between corporate governance, in particular board diversity, and both corporate social responsibility (CSR) and ...corporate social responsibility reporting (CSRR) and to suggest some important avenues for future research in this field. Assuming that both CSR and CSRR are outcomes of boards' decisions, this paper proposes that examining boards' decision making processes with regard to CSR would provide more insight into the link between board diversity and CSR. Particularly, the paper stresses the importance of studies linking gender diversity and CSR decision making processes, which is quite rare in the existing literature. It also highlights the importance of more qualitative methods and longitudinal studies for the development of understanding of the diversity-CSR relationship.
Aim
The choice of whether to perform protective ileostomy (PI) after anterior resection (AR) is mainly guided by risk factors (RFs) responsible for the development of anastomotic leakage (AL). ...However, clear guidelines about PI creation are still lacking in the literature and this is often decided according to the surgeon's preferences, experiences or feelings. This qualitative study aims to investigate, by an open‐ended question survey, the individual surgeon's decision‐making process regarding PI creation after elective AR.
Method
Fifty four colorectal surgeons took part in an electronic survey to answer the questions and describe what usually led their decision to perform PI. A content analysis was used to code the answers. To classify answers, five dichotomous categories (In favour/Against PI, Listed/Unlisted RFs, Typical/Atypical, Emotions/Non‐emotions, Personal experience/No personal experience) have been developed.
Results
Overall, 76% of surgeons were in favour of PI creation and 88% considered listed RFs in the question of whether to perform PI. Atypical answers were reported in 10% of cases. Emotions and personal experience influenced surgeons' decision‐making process in 22% and 49% of cases, respectively. The most frequently considered RFs were the distance of the anastomosis from the anal verge (96%), neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (88%), a positive intraoperative leak test (65%), blood loss (37%) and immunosuppression therapy (35%).
Conclusion
The indications to perform PI following rectal cancer surgery lack standardization and evidence‐based guidelines are required to inform practice. Until then, expert opinion can be helpful to assist the decision‐making process in patients who have undergone AR for adenocarcinoma.
Knowledge of how entrepreneurial marketing is conducted in industrial markets is currently rather weak. This study explores the marketing decision-making process of entrepreneurs undertaking ...entrepreneurial marketing in international new ventures (INVs) operating in high-tech business-to-business markets. A qualitative study conducted with entrepreneurs from four case firms reveals that due to the iterative, incremental, and co-creative nature of the process, marketing decision making in high-tech business-to-business INVs that is more effectual than causal results in more entrepreneurial marketing. A novel finding is that entrepreneurs alternate causal and effectual marketing forms as a result of their ambidextrous entrepreneurialism, and variations in the internal uncertainty, technological uncertainty, and any market turbulence faced by the firm. We develop a dynamic model presenting the alternation between effectual and causal processes, and the feedback loop of entrepreneurial marketing. The research offers implications for the management of organizations operating under conditions of uncertainty on how their decision-making processes can optimize entrepreneurial marketing, how to create new markets, and how to reduce the perceived uncertainty in industrial markets.
•Explores the marketing decision-making process to produce entrepreneurial marketing in high-tech international new ventures.•Examines how the effectual decision-making process results in marketing that is more entrepreneurial.•The alternation of the causal and effectual marketing forms is a result of the ambidexterity, and variations in uncertainty.•A greater degree of entrepreneurial marketing leads to a pronounced reduction in the uncertainty perceived by entrepreneurs.•Implications on how entrepreneurs could amend their decision-making processes to optimize entrepreneurial marketing.
In this paper, we study the problem of 3D shape upright orientation estimation from the perspective of reinforcement learning, i.e. we teach a machine (agent) to orientate 3D shapes step by step to ...upright given its current observation. Unlike previous methods, we take this problem as a sequential decision‐making process instead of a strong supervised learning problem. To achieve this, we propose UprightRL, a deep network architecture designed for upright orientation estimation. UprightRL mainly consists of two submodules: an Actor module and a Critic module which can be learned with a reinforcement learning manner. Specifically, the Actor module selects an action from the action space to perform a point cloud transformation and obtain the new point cloud for the next environment state, while the Critic module evaluates the strategy and guides the Actor to choose the next stage action. Moreover, we design a reward function that encourages the agent to select action which is conducive to orient model towards upright orientation with a positive reward and negative otherwise. We conducted extensive experiments to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed model, and experimental results show that our network outperforms the state‐of‐the‐art. We also apply our method to the robot grasping‐and‐placing experiment, to reveal the practicability of our method.
Individuals are challenged by increasingly more career transitions in the 21st century. Each of these transitions entails making a career decision, typically by locating promising alternatives, ...collecting information about them, comparing the alternatives on the short list and choosing one. Finding the areas where individuals are experiencing difficulties in this process is important for helping them and facilitating their career decision making. The goal of the present review is to propose a taxonomy for analyzing, comparing, and classifying assessments of the career decision-making process in terms of three facets: (i) Antecedents – assessments of the challenges that may emerge prior to or during this process and cause difficulties, (ii) Effects of the challenges and difficulties on the process, namely, the individual's behavioral responses, and (iii) Effects on the decision, as reflected in individuals' career decision status and their feelings about the process and the outcome. Based on theoretical considerations and the constructs underlying the assessments, there are three categories of assessments in Antecedents: (1) Readiness includes assessments of dysfunctional beliefs about career decision making, career decision-making self-efficacy, willingness to engage in the process, and career indecisiveness; (2) Orientation includes assessments of career decision-making styles and profiles, ways of coping with career decision-making, and adaptability; and (3) Information includes assessments of difficulties that stem from feelings of Lack of information – about the self, the world of work, and how to make career decisions – or the Use of Information – unreliable information, internal conflicts, and external conflicts. The associations between Antecedents and their Effects on the Process and on the Decision are discussed. The psychometric properties of each assessment were evaluated, using the evidence-based assessment approach of Hunsley and Mash (2008). Inspecting and evaluating of the assessments show that most of them have a well-defined focus and evidence for acceptable reliability, but more evidence is needed for validity. The advantages of unidimensional/multidimensional and homogeneous/heterogeneous assessments are discussed. Ways of incorporating the assessments of the antecedents of career decision-making difficulties effectively into career counseling are suggested, to help career counselors better tailor their interventions to their clients' needs. The proposed categorization can also help researchers locate the most relevant career decision-making process-based assessments and decide how to use them to measure specific constructs.
•We reviewed and evaluated assessments of the career decision-making process.•We distinguished among Antecedents, Effects on the Process, and Effects on the Decision.•We classified 27 assessments into 5 categories and 15 subcategories.•The assessments' psychometric properties and applicability were evaluated.•This classification can help researchers and counselors locate relevant assessments.
Summary
Managers make decisions on team tactics, formations, and player selection based on their own experiences. The managers have limitations in understanding the team's situation and sometimes ...they can think wrong. The purpose of this study is to make decisions on player selection and tactical formation according to the level of the opponent based on the data, not on the intuition of the manager. In our previous study, the Boruta algorithm was used to extract important features from 69 features in soccer player data by position. The detailed roles of each position were defined by using K‐means algorithm. For example, the detailed roles of each position were defined as Mezzala, Shadow Striker, Deep‐lying playmaker, and so on. That is, forward positions are classified as Target Man (TM) and Shadow Striker (SS). TM is a high‐goal, high‐competitive forward, and SS is a high‐dribble, high‐pass forward. In this study, we analyze a clustering dataset and the game appearance dataset. The game appearance dataset are divided into CL (Champions league Level), EL (Europa league Level), ML (Middle Level), and RL (Relegation Level). Association rule mining algorithm analyzes the synergy between positions, and selects a position with high synergy. Weighted association rule mining algorithm establishes player selection and tactical formation with the weight, which is the player's rating data. Finally, using the obtained results, we visualize the synergy between positions, tactical formation, and player characteristics depending on the level of the opponent.
The emergence of social commerce has brought substantial changes to both businesses and consumers. Hence, understanding consumer behavior in the context of social commerce has become critical for ...companies that aim to better influence consumers and harness the power of their social ties. Given that research on this issue is new and largely fragmented, it will be theoretically important to evaluate what has been studied and derive meaningful insights through a structured review of the literature. In this study, we conduct a systematic review of social commerce studies to explicate how consumers behave on social networking sites. We classify these studies, discuss noteworthy theories, and identify important research methods. More importantly, we draw upon the stimulus–organism–response model and the five-stage consumer decision-making process to propose an integrative framework for understanding consumer behavior in this context. We believe that this framework can provide a useful basis for future social commerce research.
•This study conducts a literature review of consumer behavior in social commerce.•We review the research contexts, theories, and research methods of these studies.•We propose a framework to elicit factors in consumers' decision-making process.•The framework provides novel insights into how consumers behavior in this context.
The subject matter of the article is the theoretical-methodical and applied principles of behavioural economics and their implementation in Ukrainian society. The goal of the work is to analyse the ...theory of irrationality in the economic context to find out what its character is in modern Ukrainian conditions, as well as to confirm the main paradoxes inherent in the individual’s decision-making behaviour. The following tasks were solved in the article: highlighting important aspects of the theory of irrationality for experimental analysis; determination of the methodology of experiments based on internationally recognized works; proposing a hypothesis regarding Ukrainian realities; conducting experiments according to the proposed methodology to test the proposed hypotheses and systematize the obtained results. The following methods are used: analytical and inductive methods for determining the set of behavioural experiments and building hypotheses regarding their results; experimental method and method of mathematical processing to check the presence of selected behavioural deviations in Ukraine. The following results were obtained: it was determined that in Ukrainian society there is a difference between the degree of individualistic attitudes in different age groups; determined change in the perception of information of different generations as a result of more significant digitization of the young population; a higher tendency of children to risk for certain conditions is determined; the similarity of the obtained results of the experiments with the global ones are established and the impact of technologies on the economic behaviour of individuals and the peculiarities caused by the historical context and expanded access to information, in general, are determined. Conclusions: the use of analytical and inductive methods in combination with an experimental approach confirmed the existence of some of the classic behavioural patterns for modern Ukrainian society, in particular: the Allais paradox, the effect of bounded rationality, the effect of joining the majority, the effect of ownership and asymmetric dominance. In addition, based on the obtained results, it was determined that for Ukraine there is a significant difference between the nature of irrationality in different age groups, however, the postulation of this statement beyond the selected target groups requires additional research, as well as consideration of the context of other market entities.
Blockchain smart contracts (SCs) have emerged as a transformative technology, enabling the automation and execution of contractual agreements without the need for intermediaries. However, as SCs ...evolve to become more complex in their decentralised decision-making abilities, there are notable difficulties in comprehending the underlying reasoning process and ensuring users' understanding. The existing literature primarily focuses on the technical aspects of SC, overlooking the exploration of the decision-making process within these systems and the involvement of humans. In this paper, we propose a framework that integrates human-centered design principles by applying Situation Awareness (SA) and goal directed task analysis (GDTA) concepts to determine information requirements necessary to design eXplainable smart contracts (XSC). The framework provides a structured approach for requirements engineers to identify information that can keep users well-informed throughout the decision-making process. The framework considers factors such as the business logic model, data model, and roles and responsibilities model to define specific information requirements that shape SC behaviour and necessitate explanations. To guide the determination of information requirements, the framework categorises SC decision mechanisms into autonomy, governance, processing, and behaviour. The ExplanaSC framework promotes the generation of XSC explanations through three levels aligned with SA: XSC explanation for perception, XSC explanation for comprehension, and XSC explanation for projection. Overall, this framework contributes to the development of XSC systems and lays the foundation for more transparent, and trustworthy decentralized applications. The XSC explanations aims to facilitate user awareness of complex decision-making processes. The evaluation of the framework uses a case to exemplify the working of our framework, its added value and limitations, and consults experts in the field for feedback and refinements.
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